1. Plants!!

2. Land plants probably evolved from green algae about 430 million years ago

3. Advantages to life on land? More sunlight available for photosynthesis More Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) for photosynthesis Fewer plant predators lived on land

4. Challenges to life on land: a. Retaining Moisture Adaptations: 1).Thick waxy cuticle on leaves 2). Stomata for gas exchange b. Growing Upright Adaptation: development of stronger roots and lignin in stems c. Transporting Resources Adaptations: vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem )

5. Challenges to life on land: c. Reproducing on Land Adaptations: pollen grains and protected seeds

7. Classification of Plants

8. Land plants can be classified according to whether or not they have vascular tissues. a.Nonvascular plants – have no vascular tissue (no xylem, or phloem) -lack true roots, true stems, true leaves -example: mosses, liverworts, etc. b. Vascular plants – have xylem and phloem

9. Nonvascular plants

10. Vascular Plants can be classified based on their method of reproduction Seedless vascular plants – have xylem and phloem and use spores for reproduction examples: ferns, horsetails, and club mosses Seed plants - produce seeds, use pollen

11. Seed Plants are classified on how they protect their seeds. Gymnosperms – use cones to protect seeds examples: pines, spruces, redwoods Angiosperms – (flowering plants) protect seeds inside of a fruit

12. Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups Monocots – have 1 cotyledon in embryo, usually flowers in groups of 3, leaves have parallel venation. –examples: grasses, most valuable grains, etc Dicots - have 2 cotyledons, flower parts in groups of 4 or 5, leaves have net-like venation.

14. Plant organs are made of three tissue systems. Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. –protects the plant –secretes cuticle of leaves –forms outer bark of trees

15. –provides support –stores materials in roots and stems Ground tissue is found inside a plant.

16. stem leaf root –two networks of hollow tubes –xylem transports water and minerals –phloem transports photosynthetic products Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.

17. Monocot vs Dicot Root Monocot Root Dicot Root Xylem Phloem XylemPhloem

18. Monocots Stem In monocots, the vascular bundles in the stem cross section are usually scattered or more complex of an arrangement as compared to dicots. MONKEY FACES!

19. Dicot Stem The vascular bundles in the stem cross section of dicots are arranged in a circle, or ring.

20. Monocot Leaf

21. Dicot Leaf

24. Stems

25. Roots