1. Ch 17 Plants Colonization of Land

2. PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
Plants evolved from green algae
Molecular, physical, and chemical evidence
Indicates that green algae called charophyceans are the closest living relatives of plants
LM 444 
Figure 17.1A, B
Coleochate
Chara

3. Plants have adaptations for life on land
Plants are: multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

4. Plants have some specific adaptations
That are not found in algae
Plant
Roots anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil
Reproductive structures, as in flowers, contain spores and gametes
Cuticle covering leaves and stems reduces water loss; stomata in leaves allow gas exchange
Leaf performs photosynthesis
Surrounding water supports alga
Stem supports plant and may perform photosynthesis
Whole alga performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water
Holdfast anchors alga
Alga
Figure 17.2A

5. Obtaining Resources from Two Locations
Apical meristems
Are the growth-producing regions of a plant
Help maximize exposure to the resources in the soil and air

6. Maintaining Moisture
A waxy cuticle covers the stems and leaves of plants
And helps retain water
Stomata
Are tiny pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange

7. Plants have vascular tissue
Which helps distribute nutrients throughout the organism
Figure 17.2B
Xylem Phloem

8. Reproducing on Land Many living plants
Produce gametes that are encased in protective structures
“Gametangia”

9. Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom
Some highlights of plant evolution
Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya)
Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)
Seed plants
Land plants
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
Vascular plants
Seedless vascular plants
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycophytes (club mosses and relatives)
Pterophytes (ferns and relatives)
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Figure 17.3A

10. Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and include
The mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
Figure 17.3B

11. Ferns are seedless vascular plants
With flagellated sperm
Figure 17.3C

12. Seedless plants dominated vast “coal forests”
Ferns and other seedless plants
Once dominated ancient forests
Their remains formed coal
Figure 17.7

13. Strip Mining in SE Kansas

15. Seed plants Have pollen grains that transport sperm
Protect their embryos in seeds

16. Gymnosperms, such as pines
Produce seeds in cones
Figure 17.3D

17. The seeds of angiosperms
Develop within protective ovaries
Figure 17.3E

18. The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal
Fruits are adaptations that disperse seeds
Figure 17.11A–C

19. Kopi Luwak $100/llb
Kopi Luwak coffee comes from the Indonesian island of Sumatra, an area well-known for its excellent coffee. Also native to the area is a small civit-like animal called a Paradoxurus. That's the scientific name, the locals call them luwaks. These little mammals live in the trees and one of their favorite foods is the red, ripe coffee cherry. They eat the cherries, bean and all. While the bean is in the little guy's stomach, it undergoes chemical treatments and fermentations. The bean finishes its journey through the digestive system, and exits. The still-intact beans are collected from the forest floor, and are cleaned, then roasted and ground just like any other coffee. The resulting coffee is said to be like no other. It has a rich, heavy flavour with hints of caramel or chocolate. Other terms used to describe it are earthy, musty and exotic. The body is almost syrupy and it's very smooth.
One must wonder about the circumstances that brought about the first cup of Kopi Luwak coffee. Who would think to (or even want to) collect and roast beans out of animal feces? Perhaps a native figured it was easier to collect the beans from the ground this way, rather than having to work harder and pick them from the trees? We'll likely never know. But because of the strange method of collecting, there isn't much Kopi Luwak produced in the world. The average total annual production is only around 500 pounds of beans.
Because of the rarity of this coffee, the price is quite outrageous. If you can find a vendor, the current cost for a pound of Kopi Luwak is around $300 or more