1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Plant Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Develop from multicellular embryos
Carry out photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll a & b
Reproduce by alternation of generations

3. Plant Adaptations to Land
Solutions:
Roots absorb H2O & minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell walls
Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells
Pollen containing sperm
Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height for Light
Adaptations for Drier environment
Reproduction

4. Parts of a Leaf

5. What do plants need to survive?
CO2 O2

6. Plant Evolution
First plants evolved from organisms similar to today’s multicellular green algae.(from kingdom protista)

7. Bryophytes
Life cycle that depends on water so the sperm can swim to the egg.
Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain water through osmosis (this limits their height)
Includes mosses, liverworts, & hornworts

8. Tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants
Includes club mosses, horsetails and ferns
Tracheid: new cell type that specializes in water transport.
-Hollow cells with thick walls that resist pressure.
Xylem: primary fluid transport
Phloem: transport nutrients and carbs

9. Tracheophytes Seedless vascular plants
Contain xylem & phloem (vascular tissue)
Xylem – carries water up from the roots
Phloem – transports products of photosynthesis

10. Tracheophytes Have roots, stems, and leaves with veins
Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with sori
Rhizomes – fern stems
Fronds – fern leaves
Sori – fern spores

11. Spermatophytes Seed Plants
Have adaptations that allow them to reproduce without water
Flowers or cones
Transfer of sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds
Two types:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

12. Gymnosperms Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones
Means “naked seeds”
Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and gnetophytes

13. Angiosperms Flowering plants
Bear seeds within ovaries which surround and protect the seed.
Two types:
Monocot
Dicot

14. Monocots All monocots have the following characteristics:
Single cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins
Flower petals in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem
Fibrous roots

15. Dicots All dicots have the following characteristics:
Double cotyledon seeds
Branched veins
Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
Taproot

16. Angiosperm Life Spans
Annuals – complete life cycle in one growing season
Biennials – complete life cycle in two years
First year: grow roots, short stems and sometimes leaves
Second year: grow new stems, leaves, produce flowers and seeds
Perennials – live many years

17. Plant Structure Flower Male reproductive structures - Stamen
Female reproductive structures - Carpal

18. Root Function Anchor plant to the ground
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
Water – through root pressure
Nutrients – through active transport

19. Types of Roots
Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is not possible to determine the primary root. Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem. Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle. Taproot: root that grows vertically into the earth.

21. Plant Growth
Most plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live.
Meristematic tissue – cluster of tissue responsible for continuing growth throughout the plant’s lifetime.