1. Labels and Disorders

2. What is the difference Calling someone a “schizophrenic?” This does not recognize the person and implies the person is the condition Calling someone a “person with schizophrenia?” This acknowledges the person and places the mental illness in the same categories as other less stigmatizing labels.

3. What characteristics mark psychological well-being? Does psychological well-being refers to the absence of a disorder?

4. Carol D. Ryff 6 Core Dimensions of Well-Being 1. Self-Acceptance 2. Positive Relations with Other People 3. Autonomy 4. Environmental Mastery 5. Purpose in Life 6. Personal Growth

5. Does living in an overcrowded environment cause abnormal behaviors? J.B. Calhoun observed the following behaviors are in rats in overcrowded conditions after long term exposure. Aggression – Increased fighting among males for dominance & senseless fighting among females & juveniles Submissiveness – Increased in non-dominant males Sexual Deviance – Non-dominant males did not follow normal rat “rules” for mating. Nesting Abnormalities – Females failed to build nests High Infant Mortality – Rates ranged between 80-96 %

7. Neurodevelopmental ADHD A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age of 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattentive, hyperactivity and impulsivity.

10. Neurocognitive Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Deficits in social communication and social interactions. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. Inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behaviors. Symptoms must present in early developmental period. Causes are unknown but research suggest that both genes and environment play a role.

11. Neurocognitive Disorder ASD – Social Impairment Most children with ASD have trouble engaging in everyday social interactions. For example, some children with ASD may: Make little eye contact Tend to look and listen less to people in their environment or fail to respond to other people Rarely seek to share their enjoyment of toys or activities by pointing or showing things to others Respond unusually when others show anger, distress, or affection.

12. Tourette’s Dyslexia Repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. Simple motor tics are sudden, brief, repetitive movements that involve a limited number of muscle groups. Complex tics are distinct, coordinated patterns of movements involving several muscle groups. A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words. Dyslexia occurs in children with normal vision and intelligence. There's no cure for dyslexia. It's a lifelong condition caused by inherited traits that affect how your brain works. Neurodevelopmental Disorders

13. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Unexplainably and Continually Tense and Uneasy Often linked with Major Depression Panic Disorder Experiences of sudden episodes of intense dread Often linked with Agoraphobia – fear of being in open spaces or public- since people experience panic attacks in uncontrollable times & places they develop a fear of being in public.

15. Anxiety Disorders Phobia Irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation

18. OCD and Related Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A disabling illness that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. People with OCD are plagued by recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images (obsessions) they cannot control. The anxiety (nervousness) produced by these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines (compulsions). The compulsive rituals are performed in an attempt to prevent the obsessive thoughts or make them go away. Although the ritual may temporarily alleviate anxiety, the person must perform the ritual again when the obsessive thoughts return. This OCD cycle can progress to the point of taking up hours of the person's day and significantly interfering with normal activities. People with OCD may be aware that their obsessions and compulsions are senseless or unrealistic, but they cannot stop them.

21. OCD and Related Trichotillmania Hair loss from repeated urges to pull or twist the hair until it breaks off. Patients are unable to stop this behavior, even as their hair becomes thinner. It may affect as much as 4% of the population Body Dysmorphic disorder A type of chronic mental illness in which you can't stop thinking about a flaw in your appearance — a minor or imagined. But to you, your appearance seems so shameful that you don't want to be seen by anyone. Hoarding a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save them. A person with hoarding disorder experiences distress at the thought of getting rid of the items.

23. Trauma/Stress Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Shell shock or battle fatigue syndrome. Develops after a person has experienced or witnessed a traumatic or terrifying event in which serious physical harm occurred or was threatened. Caused by intense fear, helplessness, or horror, such as a sexual/physical assault, unexpected death of a loved one, an accident, war, or natural disaster. Families of victims can also develop PTSD, as can emergency personnel and rescue workers.

25. Trauma/Stress Related Acute Stress Disorder A decrease in emotional responsiveness, often finding it difficult or impossible to experience pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, and frequently feel guilty about pursuing usual life tasks May experience difficulty concentrating, feel detached from their bodies, experience the world as unreal or dreamlike, or have increasing difficulty recalling specific details of the traumatic event (dissociative amnesia). Adjustment Disorder A short-term condition that occurs when a person has great difficulty coping with, or adjusting to, a particular source of stress, such as a major life change, loss, or event

26. Somatic Disorders Physical symptoms that seem as if they are part of a general medical condition, however no general medical condition, other mental disorder, or substance is present.

27. Somatoform Disorders Pain Disorder - largely comes from psychological factors, and more common in the older age

28. Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorder – a patient's senses of mobility are impaired with no cause only stress being the main factor.

31. Somatic Disorders Illness Anxiety Disorder –formally called Hypochondriasis is mostly related to the stresses that one faces in life, it is marked by fear and lack of assurance. It is now in all age groups

34. Dissociative Disorders Marked by a dissociation from or interruption of a person's fundamental aspects of waking consciousness (such as one's personal identity, one's personal history, etc.).

35. Dissociative Disorders Depersonalization disorder is marked by a feeling of detachment or distance from one's own experience, body, or self. Dissociative Amnesia occurs when a person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information. fugue: a rare type of Dissociative Amnesia. A person suddenly & unexpectedly sets off on a journey of some kind. These journeys can last hours, or even several days or months. An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or confused about his identity, and in some cases will assume a new identity (although this is the exception).

37. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Previously known as multiple personality disorder. Suffers has more than one distinct identity or personality state. This disorder is also marked by differences in memory which vary with the individual's "alters," or other personalities.

39. Mood Disorders The primary symptom is a disturbance in mood. In other words, inappropriate, exaggerated, or limited range of feelings. To be diagnosed with a mood disorder, your feelings must be to the extreme. In other words, crying, and/or feeling depressed, suicidal frequently. Or, the opposite extreme, having excessive energy where sleep is not needed for days at a time and during this time the decision making process in significantly hindered.

40. How Common Are Mood Disorders? Mood disorders, predominantly Depression and Bi-polar syndromes, are said to strike one in seven of the population.

41. Depressive Disorders Persistent Depressive Disorder Depressed mood that lasts for at least 2 years. Major Depressive Disorder Severe symptoms that interfere with your ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life. An episode can occur only once in a person’s lifetime, but more often, a person has several episodes. Depression is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Studies show that first degree relatives of people with depression have a higher incidence of the illness.

42. Mood Disorders - Depression Symptoms of depression include the following: depressed mood (such as feelings of sadness or emptiness) reduced interest in activities that used to be enjoyed, sleep disturbances (either not being able to sleep well or sleeping to much) loss of energy or a significant reduction in energy level difficulty concentrating, holding a conversation, paying attention, or making decisions that used to be made fairly easily suicidal thoughts or intentions.

43. Depressive Disorders Pre Menstrual Dysmorphic a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation. The causes of PMS and PMDD have not been found. Disruptive Mood Deregulation Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally/behaviorally that are greatly out of proportion of situation. Outbursts occur 3 or more times a week and are inconsistent with developmental level. Onset prior to 10 years of age.

45. Mood Disorders - Bipolar Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood (mania), alternating with periods of depression. The "mood swings" between mania and depression can be very abrupt.

46. Bipolar Bipolar IBipolar II Defined by manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks. Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full- blown manic or mixed episodes. Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Rapid cycling occurs when a person has four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed states, all within a year.

47. Mania An intense high where the person feels euphoric, almost indestructible in areas such as personal finances, business dealings, or relationships. He/she may have an elevated self-esteem, be more talkative than usual, have flight of ideas, a reduced need for sleep, and be easily distracted. The high, although it may sound appealing, will often lead to severe difficulties in these areas, such as spending much more money than intended, making extremely rash business and personal decisions, involvement in dangerous sexual behavior, and/or the use of drugs or alcohol.

48. Hypomania A hypomanic episode is characterized by a distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting throughout at least 4 days and present for most of the day nearly every day. Two important differences: (1) the mood usually isn’t severe enough to cause problems with the person working or socializing with others (e.g., they don’t have to take time off work during the episode), or to require hospitalization; and (2) there are never any psychotic features present

51. Psychotic Disorder Schizophrenia A mental disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses, and to behave normally in social situations. Schizophrenia affects about 1% of people worldwide. It occurs equally among men and women, but in women it tends to begin later and be milder. Although schizophrenia usually begins in young adulthood, there are cases in which the disorder begins later (over age 45).

52. Schizophrenia Hallucinations False Perceptions Visual or Auditory Delusions False Beliefs

54. Schizophrenia – Causes & Risk Factors Schizophrenia is a complex illness. Even experts in the field are not sure what causes it. Genetic factors appear to play a role. People with family members with schizophrenia have a higher risk to get the illness themselves. Some researchers believe that environmental events may trigger schizophrenia in people who are already genetically at risk for the disorder.

55. Personality Disorders A group of psychiatric conditions in which a person's long-term (chronic) behaviors, emotions, and thoughts are very different from their culture's expectations and cause serious problems with relationships and work.

56. Personality Disorders Why are personality disorders difficult to diagnose and treat? Where is the line between being eccentric, anxious, or odd and having a personality disorder? Why might treatment be difficult?

57. Personality Disorders – Cluster A Odd, eccentric behavior. Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal Personality Disorders are in this category. Cluster B Dramatic, erratic behaviors and include Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders. Cluster C Anxious, fearful behavior commonly seen in Obsessive- Compulsive, Avoidant and Dependent Personality Disorders

58. Antisocial Personality Superficial charm and high intelligence Poise, rationality, absence of neurotic anxiety Lack of a sense of personal responsibility Untruthfulness, insincerity, callousness, manipulativeness Antisocial behavior without regret or shame Poor judgment and failure to learn from experience Inability to establish lasting, close relationships with others Lack of insight into personal motivations

59. Antisocial Personality

62. Borderline Personality Disorder Inability to regulate emotions – emotional instability Dramatic and abrupt shifts in mood with outburst of anger that sometimes manifests in self-injurious behavior Impulsivity Poor self-image Tumultuous interpersonal relationships Highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such a suicide threats and attempts

63. Borderline Personality Disorder

66. OCD Personality Disorder Focused on order & perfection that lacks of flexibility that interferes with getting things done, and enjoying life. Little is accomplished due, it is never good enough. Mired in detail & are often unable to see the big picture Standards for themselves & others are impossibly high, so they damage relationships by being too critical Actions and beliefs are either right or wrong, with no room for compromise. Can be workaholics, preferring the control of working alone, as they are afraid that work completed by others will not be done correctly

67. OCD Personality Disorder