1. 101 culture

2.  Delphine Grass -> d.grass@lancaster.ac.ukd.grass@lancaster.ac.uk  Office hours: Wednesday 10-12 or by appointment– room B76

3.  Lecture one: “The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror”  Lecture two: “The legacy of the French Revolution: Feminism and Romanticism”

4.  Seminars 1: The Reign of Terror through Danton by Wajda (showing: Week 2)  Seminar 2: ‘La Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme’ and ‘La Déclaration des Droits de la Femme’ by Olympe de Gouges  Seminar 3: Focus on Memoirs by Chateaubriand – the legacy of romanticism

5.  1. The Bourbon dynasty – an overview  2. What caused the Revolution?  3. The Estates General and the “Serment du Jeu de Paume” (“Tennis court oath”)  4. The Storming of the Bastille  5. The Reign of Terror and its Consequences

6. Louis XVI and Marie- Antoinette A good timeline of the events: https://www.marxists.org/histor y/france/revolution/timeline.htm

7. Louis XIV (“Roi Soleil”)

9. Voltaire 1694-1778 Rousseau 1712-1778 Joseph Wright, An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768. -Intellectuals question the role of religion -Reason vs tradition -Where should we derive our rights from? (King, God, Nature…)

10.  ‘For this age, knowledge of its own activity, intellectual self-examination, and foresight are the proper function and essential task of thought. Thought not only seeks new, hitherto unknown goals but it wants to know where it is going and to determine for itself the direction of its journey.’ Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Enlightenment (NY: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 4  Immanuel Kant: “Dare to know!” in What is Enlightenment? (1784) Differentiates between “private reason” (used under the instruction of someone else) and “public reason” (used when one wants to improve society and men’s function in this society).

11. -Pamphlets, newspapers, songs and printed speeches -Demystify/desacralise the power of the nobility. -Marie Antoinette as a favourite target.

12.  Everything can be discussed  Reign of reason vs tradition, stability and social rank  Creates a public sphere, but also a sense of cohesion and consensus  Holds power over governments

13.  In 1789, only 3000 noble families out of 18000 nobles possess titles that are more than 400 years old.  They criticise the king (not realising it will contribute to their downfall) => Assimilated with disorder, arrogance, excess

14.  Grievances: Uneven taxation systems Saw the aristocracy and clergy as a parasitic class (do not pay tax) Demand representation

15.  Summer of 1788: Bad weather – price of bread soars (equals a month’s wage).  Women’s March of Versaille in October 1789.  Louis XVI sends French troops to fight in the American War of Independence – taxes rise.  “Madame Deficit”

17.  A general assembly representing the French states.  Instituted in 1614 – never summoned again until 1789.  Les trois états:  The First Estate (clergy)  The Second estate (the nobles)  The Third Estate (bourgeoisie, urban labourers and peasantry)

19. - Cements differences between the demands of the several estates. - King unable to meet demands of either estates. - Gives a public stage to what were the private grievances of the third estate. - Exposes the political process to scrutiny, highlights unfair representation.

20. => The second and first estates are each represented by one voice – The third estate is always going outvoted by 2 against 1.

21. By Jacques-Louis David (1791)

23.  July 1789 – The tension in Paris is very high The Estates General a source of hope Dismissal of Necker (chief financial adviser) The Price of bread had soared (80% of labourer’s money to pay for bread) Louis XVI assembled troupes around Paris to attack the National Assembly.

25.  ‘On the 14th of July the Bastille was taken. I was present, as a spectator at this attack on a few pensioners and a timid governor: if the gates had been kept closed, the crowd could never have entered the fortress. I saw two or three cannon shots fired, not by the pensioners, but by the French Guards who had climbed up to the towers. De Launay, the Governor, was dragged from his hiding place, and after suffering a thousand outrages was killed on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville; Flesselles, the provost of the merchants of Paris, had his brains blown out: this is the spectacle that heartless admirers found so admirable. In the midst of these murders, they indulged in wild orgies, as in the disturbances in Rome under Otho and Vitellius. Happily drunk, the ‘conquerors of the Bastille’, declared as such in the taverns, were driven about in carriages; prostitutes and sans-culottes, beginning their reign, escorted them. Passers-by took off their hats, with a respect born of fear, in front of these heroes, some of whom died of fatigue in the midst of their triumph.’  Chateaubriand, (1848), Memoirs, Book V, trans. by A.S. Kline (2005)

26. ‘There was turmoil along my route: in the villages the peasants were stopping coaches, asking for passports, interrogating travellers. The nearer one approached the capital, the more the unrest grew. Passing through Versailles, I saw troops quartered in the orangery; artillery trains parked in the courtyards; a temporary hall for the National Assembly erected in the Place du Palais, and the deputies coming and going surrounded by sightseers, palace servants and soldiers. In Paris, the streets were obstructed by crowds standing at the doors of bakers’ shops: passers-by stood debating at street corners; tradesmen came from their shops to hear and tell the news on their doorsteps; at the Palais-Royal agitators congregated: Camille Desmoulins began to emerge from the crowd.’ Chateaubriand (1848), Memoirs, Book V, trans. by A.S. Kline (2005)

27. 1. The Abolition of Social Privileges 2. The Statement of human rights which proclaims the inalienable right ot liberty of person and equality of people before the law 3. The subordination of the church to the states 4. A Constitution of France (1791) 5. Administrative reforms (creation of 83 départements) 6. Measures to help businesses to prosper

28. The execution of Louis XVI, 1792

29.  Is privilege of wealth starting to replace privilege of birth? Girondins (right/liberal economy) vs Jacobin (left/believe in equality among citizens)

30.  Girondins vs Jacobin  Sans-culottes  1793 – arrest of the Girondins at the National Assembly  Creation of Comitte of Public Safety (comité du salut public)

31.  New declaration of human rights (1793)  Abolished salvery  Halted the invasion of foreign troops by drafting 800000 men. Haitian Revolution, Saint Domingo, 1791-1804

32. Allons enfants de la Patrie Le jour de gloire est arrivé. Contre nous, de la tyrannie, L'étandard sanglant est levé, l'étandard sanglant est levé, Entendez-vous, dans la compagnes. Mugir ces farouches soldats Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras Egorger vos fils, vos compagnes. Let us go, children of the fatherland Our day of Glory has arrived. Against us stands tyranny, The bloody flag is raised, The bloody flag is raised. Do you hear in the countryside The roar of these savage soldiers They come right into our arms To cut the throats of your sons, your country. Aux armes citoyens! Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons. To arms, citizens! Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march! That their impure blood Should water our fields  Initially called “Chant de guerre de l’armée du Rhin”  To rally troops against the War of the First Coalition (invasion of France by Prussia and Austria)  http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr 5g http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr 5g

33.  Republican and moral crusade of Maximilien Robespierre (see Danton)  Extecuted Jacques Danton for criticising the regime of terror  Drowned 5000 people in Vendée alone.

34.  Reform individuals  Save the republic – all means possible  To what extent was the terror a continuation of the enlightenment ideals? To what extent did it contradict it?  What did the terror said about human nature?

35.  Far reaching implications Historical Geographical Intellectual (who is “man” in the Declaration of the Rights of Man?) Cultural (individuality, artists’ involvement with politics…)

36.  Read Olympe de Gouges’ ‘Declaration of the Rights of Women’ and the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Men’ (on Moodle)  Start Reading Chateaubriand’s Memoirs and compare with your lecture notes. (on Moodle)

37.  Research who Danton, Robespierre and Camille Desmoulins were and their role during the Revolution. Week 2 at 5, Faraday Lecture Theatre