1. A football defensive back is making a tackle and drops his head on contact with the ball carrier. He hits the ground and does not move. When the athletic trainer gets to him, the athlete is lying prone, is unconscious, but is breathing. How should the athletic trainer manage this situation?

3. Students will be able to: Establish a plan for handling emergency situations. Explain the importance of knowing CPR and how to manage an obstructed airway. Describe the types of hemorrhage and their management. Assess the types of shock and their management. Describe the emergency management of musculoskeletal injuries. Describe techniques for moving and transporting the injured athlete.

5. All sports programs must have an EAP (sport specific) The following should be addressed: 1. Determine the personnel who will be on the field. Each person must know their role during an emergency. 2. Decide what emergency equipment should be available for each sport (Ex: FB will be different than XC). 3. Specific procedures and policies should be established regarding removal of protective equipment (Ex: Helmets, shoulder pads). 4. Phones should be readily accessible and carried at all times.

6. 5. The ATC should designate someone to make the emergency phone call and give the following information: Type of emergency Type of suspected injured Present condition of athlete Current assistance being given (Ex: CPR) Location of phone being used Exact location of emergency and how to enter the facility 6. Someone should be assigned to accompany the athlete to the hospital. *The EAP should be reviewed annually with the ATC, coaches, school nurse, AD’s, etc. Everyone must know their role and responsibility so it is executed properly! Remember, time is critical!

7. Find an Emergency Action Plan of an institution and analyze it. List the components you found. What are you thoughts on this institution’s EAP? What roles were established? What are the benefits of establishing an EAP and reviewing it before and after an emergency occurs?

8. Initial assessment to determine if there is life- threatening injuries: 1. Airway Obstruction 2. Not Breathing 3. No circulation 4. Severe Bleeding 5. Shock Life-threatening injuries take precedence over all other injuries sustained by the athlete.

9. Performed after the primary survey has ruled out any life-threatening injuries. Secondary survey takes a closer look at the injury. 1. Gathers specific information about the injury 2. Assesses vital signs and symptoms 3. Detailed evaluation of the injury

10. INJURY UNCONSCIOUS CONSCIOUS PRIMARY SURVEY SECONDARY SURVEY Responsiveness Vital Signs Airway History Circulation Musculoskeletal Eval Shock Profuse Bleeding Treatment Options Transportation

11. Protective equipment may be worn depending on the sport (Helmets, face masks). Do you remove the helmet when there is a significant injury and potential for CPR? Face Mask? Shoulder Pads?

12. Controversy! Face Mask – Remove in case CPR is needed (even if it is not needed at the moment). Remove the face mask using special tools. Removal of the helmet and shoulder pads should NOT be done in case of C spine injury (Keeps the spine in alignment). Removing them causes unnecessary movement of the C spine and delays CPR. Cut shoulder pad strings and retract to get access to the chest if CPR is needed.

13. A soccer player jumps to win a head ball and an opponent’s head collides into his right eyebrow, creating a significant laceration. The athlete is conscious but is bleeding profusely from the wound. What techniques may be most effectively used to control the bleeding, and what should be done to close the wound?

14. Hemorrhage = severe bleeding. Life-threatening condition that can lead to shock. Always take precaution and wear gloves. Apply direct pressure with sterile gauze. If it becomes saturated apply more gauze on top. Elevate the injured body part.

15. If direct pressure with elevation does not work use indirect pressure, or pressure points. Locate the pressure point directly above the injury and apply pressure to that artery. Ice – causes vasocontriction and slows blood flow. Temporal Artery Carotid Artery Subclavian Artery Brachial Artery Ulnar Artery Radial Artery Iliac Artery (Groin) Femoral Artery Popliteal Artery Dorsalis Pedis Artery (top of the foot)

17. Always wear gloves Control any bleeding Prevent infection Cleanse the wound Immobilize the injured part Apply ice Handle the wound gently Have a physical rule out infections such as MRSA

18. Help prevent infections to open wounds. Promotes healing. Provides comfort to injured athlete. Dressings = the materials applied directly to the wound. Bandages = the materials used to hold the dressing in place. Should be kept clean and dry. Changed daily. Check circulation. Check for infection – redness, swelling, red streak up the arm or leg, drainage, fever. Sutures removal in 7 – 10 days.

19. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Shock is possible with any injury. Shock is more likely when severe bleeding, fractures, or internal injuries are present. There are 8 different types.

20. Trauma where there is severe blood loss. Decreased blood flow causes a decrease in blood pressure. Without enough blood in the circulatory system, organs are not properly supplied with oxygen.

21. Trauma to the lungs. Unable to supply enough oxygen to the circulating blood.

22. Injury or trauma to the nervous system (spinal cord, brain). Nerve impulse to blood vessels impaired, blood vessels remain dilated and blood pressure decreases.

23. Commonly known as “fainting” Syncope = fainting Shock caused by overwhelming emotional factors. Sudden dilation of blood vessels results in fainting because of lack of blood supply to the brain.

24. Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to the body.

25. Result of a severe allergic reaction caused by foods, insect stings, or drugs.

26. Occurs when a severe illness such as diabetes goes untreated. Another causes is an extreme loss of body fluid (vomiting, diarrhea, urination)

27. An acute infection, usually systemic, that overwhelms the body (toxic shock syndrome). Poisonous substances accumulate in bloodstream and blood pressure decreases, impairing blood flow to cells, tissues, and organs.

28. Skin is moist, pale, cool, and clammy Low blood pressure Weak and rapid pulse Respiration is shallow and extremely rapid Athlete may be drowsy and appear sluggish

29. Maintain body temperature as close to normal as possible. Elevate the feet and legs. Avoid the athlete from seeing the injury if shock is due to psychological reaction. Keep spectators away. Do not give any medicine.