1. LESSON 9
SHOCK
9-1

2. Shock Dangerous condition
Not enough oxygen-rich blood reaching vital organs such as brain and heart
Caused by anything that significantly reduces blood flow
Life-threatening emergency
May develop quickly or gradually
Always call for victim in shock
9-2

3. Normal Tissue Oxygenation
Three general conditions must be present:
Heart must efficiently pump blood
Blood volume sufficient to fill blood vessels
Blood vessels intact and functioning normally
9-3

4. Causes of Shock Severe bleeding Severe burns Heart failure
Heart attack
Head or spinal injuries
Severe allergic reactions
Dehydration
Electrocution
Serious infections
Extreme emotional reactions (temporary/less dangerous)
9-4

5. Common Types of Shock Hypovolemic occurs when blood volume drops
Cardiogenic occurs with diminished heart function
Neurogenic occurs with nervous system problems
Anaphylactic extreme allergic reaction
9-5

6. Development of Shock
Assume any victim with serious injury is at risk for shock
Often occurs in stages
May progress gradually or quickly
Victim ultimately becomes unresponsive
Not all victims experience all signs and symptoms of shock
9-6

7. Signs and Symptoms of Shock
In compensatory shock (first stage):
Anxiety, restlessness, fear
Increased breathing and heart rate
In decompensatory shock (second stage):
Mental status continues to deteriorate
Breathing becomes rapid and shallow, and heartbeat rapid
Skin becomes pale or ashen and cool
Nausea and thirst occur
9-7

8. Signs and Symptoms of Shock continued
In irreversible shock (third stage):
Victim becomes unresponsive
Respiratory and cardiac arrest
9-8

9. Urgency of Shock Treatment
Shock continues to develop unless medical treatment begins
Call immediately
9-9

10. First Aid for Shock
Check for responsiveness, normal breathing and severe bleeding, and care for life-threatening injuries first.
Call
9-10

11. First Aid for Shock continued
Have victim lie on back and raise legs so that feet are 6-12 inches above the ground.
Put breathing, unresponsive victim (if no suspected spinal injury) in recovery position
Loosen any tight clothing.
9-11

12. First Aid for Shock continued
Be alert for vomiting; turn victim’s head to drain mouth.
Maintain normal body temperature.
9-12

13. Shock in Children
Blood loss in infants/children may quickly lead to shock
Susceptible to shock from dehydration
Early shock may be less obvious but child’s condition rapidly declines
Treatment is same as for adults
9-13

14. Anaphylaxis Severe allergic reaction in some people
Also called anaphylactic shock
Life-threatening emergency because airway may swell
Always call 9-1-1
9-14

15. Causes of Anaphylaxis Common allergens: Certain drugs Certain foods
Insect stings and bites
9-15

16. Development of Anaphylaxis
Signs and symptoms may begin within seconds to minutes
The more quickly it occurs – the more serious
You cannot know how severe the reaction will be
9-16

17. Signs of anaphylaxis Itching Redness Swelling Progressing to:
Tightness in the chest
Difficulty breathing
Unconsciousness

18. Prevention of Anaphylaxis: Medication Allergies
Maintain a history of medication reactions and share it with health care providers
Wear a medical alert ID
Read product labels carefully
9-18

19. Prevention of Anaphylaxis: Insect Stings
Stay away from insect nesting areas
Check around home for insect nests
Wear clothing that covers arms and legs
Wear shoes
Do not swat or wave insects away
9-19

20. Emergency Epinephrine
Auto-Injector
May be carried by people with severe allergies
Medication stops anaphylactic reaction
Ask a victim about it
Help victim open and use auto-injector
9-20

21. First Aid for Anaphylaxis
Call 9-1-1
Help victim use his or her epinephrine auto-injector
Monitor victim’s breathing and be ready to give CPR if needed
Help victim sit up in position of easiest breathing - put unresponsive victim who is breathing in recovery position
9-21