1. { Our Political Beginnings 12 th Grade Government

2. Assignment  Write a one page essay discussing the major contributions of the following documents:  Magna Carta  English Bill of Rights  Petition of Rights  You may use reliable internet resources and the text book for your response.  You should cite the documents within your report  After reading “Our Political Beginnings”, create a graphic organizer (of your choice) demonstrating your understanding of all the different charter colonies that were established in the New World.

3. Basic Concepts of Government  The English colonists brought with them three concepts of government:  Ordered Government  Limited Government  Representative Government

4. Basic Concept of Governments  Ordered Government: The English felt a need for government so they set up local governments similar to those they had back at home.

5. Basic Concepts of Government  Limited Government: The English also felt that government should be limited as to what they can do. They also felt citizens have rights that can not be taken away by government.

6. Basic Concepts of Government  Representative Government: The English also felt that the people should have a say of what government can and can not do. The idea of “government of, by, and for the people”.

7. Landmark English Documents  Magna Carta: A group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. They were seeking protection from the king’s arbitrary acts.  The Magna Carta included rights such as trial by jury and due process of the law.

8. Landmark English Documents  Petition of Rights was a document that the nobles forced King Charles I to sign in 1628.  It limited the rights of the King in several ways:  Can not imprison without a trial by jury  Could not impose marital law or military rule in times of peace  Declared the idea that not even the king is above law.

9. Landmark English Documents  In 1689, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary of Orange in what was going to be known as the Glorious Revolution. However, they first had to sign the English Bill of Rights so that their power would be limited.

10. Landmark English Documents  The English Bill of Rights established the following:  Prohibited a standing army in peacetime unless the Parliament consents  Right of a fair trial  Freedom from excessive bail  Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment

11. The Thirteen Colonies  13 colonies were established over the span of 125 years.  The first permanent English settlement was Jamestown Virginia in 1607.  Each colony was established for their own reason, for example the Virginia colony was established as a commercial venture.

12. The Thirteen Colonies  Each colony was established based on the charter, a written grant of authority from the king.  A charter gave the colonists land and some governing rights.  Overtime, these instruments led to the development of three different types of colonies: royal, proprietary, and charter.

13. The Thirteen Colonies  Royal Colonies: were subject to direct control of the crown.  Usually were set up because the king did not like how the colonists were governing themselves.  Was lead by a governor that was appointed by the king.

14. The Thirteen Colonies  The governor was advised by the council, which was also appointed by the king.  The council was set up bicameral meaning two houses.  Any laws that were passed had to be approved by the crown and the governor.

15. The Thirteen Colonies  Proprietary Colonies: In 1775 there were 3 (Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware).  These colonies were organized by a proprietor, a person the king gave land to.  For example, Maryland was given to Lord Baltimore and Pennsylvania was Given to William Penn.

16. The Thirteen Colonies  The governments in these colonies were very similar to those of Royal colonies.  The Governor, however, was appointed by the proprietor.  It was up to the proprietor how the colony would be run.  Pennsylvania for example was a unicameral.

17. The Thirteen Colonies  Charter Colonies: Most of the charter colonies had governors that were elected by male land owners, and had to be approved by the King.  Laws were made by bicameral legislature and rarely had to be approved by the King.  Judges in the charter colonies were appointed by legislature.  They had the most freedoms.

18. { The Coming of Independence

19.  Students will create a time line of all important historical events leading up to the United States becoming a free nation.  Time line begins with the development of the colonies and should end with the conclusion of the Revolutionary War.  BE AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE Assignment

20. Britain’s Colonial Policies  The King of Great Britain always had final say when ruling the 13 colonies.  However, due to distance, communication made it very difficult to governor.  The colonist began to self- govern and enjoyed these freedoms greatly.

21. Britain’s Colonial Policies  The colonists controlled the King appointed governors by voting on their salary. If the governor was uncooperative, than he would be paid a much lower salary.

22. Britain’s Colonial Policies  By the mid-1700s, most colonies ran as a federal which meant the federal government in England was responsible for the following:  Colonial defense  Foreign affairs  System of money and credit  Common market for colonial trade

23. Britain’s Colonial Policies  The colonist still thrived in self- government.  When King George III took the crown in 1760, he began regulating trade and taxing the colonists heavily.

24. Britain’s Colonial Policies  The colonist began to feel resentful and decided that they must either submit or revolt.

25. Growing Colonial Unity  The colonist immediately realized that they needed to stand united but were unsure how.  The first attempt occurred in 1643, when several northern colonies banned together to protect against the Native American tribes.  They called this group New England Confederation

26. Growing Colonial Unity  Confederation: Joining of several groups for a common purpose.

27. Growing Colonial Unity  In 1754, led by Benjamin Franklin, several northern states gathered in Albany New York to form an alliance to help fight off French and Native American invaders.  They called this group Albany Plan of Union.

28. Growing Colonial Unity  Benjamin Franklin’s plan wanted to create a group of delegates from each of the 13 colonies.  Purpose:  Raise military and naval forces  Make war and peace with Native Americans  Regulate trade with them  Collect customs duties.

29. Growing Colonial Unity  After the passing of the Stamp Act of 1765, a group of delegates from nine colonies gathered to write a list of grievances to the King about the “no taxation without representation”.  Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp Act

30. Growing Colonial Unity  Uproar in the colonies continued due to new taxation laws that were in place in 1770.  On March 5, 1770, violence broke out in Boston killing several colonists. This event was known as the Boston Massacre.

31. Growing Colonial Unity  Samuel Adams was the leader of the resistance movement that stemmed in Massachusetts.  Boston Tea Party occurred on December 16, 1773.

32. First Continental Congress  In 1774, the Coercive Acts was passed making the colonists even more angry.  Delegates from every colony (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia to find away to tell King George III they were fed up with the taxes.  They drafted The Declaration of Rights and sent it to the King.

33. Second Continental Congress  The response of the Declaration of Rights was not what the colonists hoped for.  The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775.  By this time, the revolution was in full swing after the battles of Lexington and Concord.

34. Second Continental Congress  Each colony sent a delegate.  Hancock was the president of Congress  George Washington was was the commander-in-chief.  Jefferson took over Washington’s position as Virginia’s delegate.

35. Second Continental Congress  The Second Continental Army was considered the first government of the USA, although it was look at as treason by Great Britain.

36. Second Continental Army  The Second Continental Army accomplished the following:  Wrote the Declaration of Independence  Fought a war  Raised an army and navy  Created a money system  Made treaties with foreign powers  Exercised both legislative and executive powers

37. The Declaration of Independence  Written mainly by Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence primarily declared the colonies free from Great Britain.  Jefferson laid out a form of government where the people should rule instead of being ruled.

38. The Declaration of Independence  Jefferson also spoke of citizens having unalienable rights that no government can ever take away.  The United States was officially born on July 4, 1776, right after the Declaration of Independence was adopted.

39. The First State Constitutions  Slowly, each state began to write their own Constitutions to replace their royal charters.  Each state wrote their constitutions using assemblies.  Massachusetts used a popular elected convention to write theirs and is the oldest state Constitution today.

40. The First State Constitutions  Most of the Constitutions were only slightly different from one another.  All of the states believed in popular sovereignty (a government that exists only with the consent of the governed), limited government, civil rights and liberties, separation of powers, and checks and balances.

41. The First Constitutions  Most of the new state governors had little power because the colonists were still so skeptical of providing one person with any type of power.  Most terms were very short to limit power and the only people who could vote were white, male, landowners.

42. { Formal Amendment

43.  Independent research:  Discuss in a one page essay some amendments that were not ratified. Assignment

44. Formal Amendment Process  The Constitution was written over 200 years ago. Within that time the country has changed a variety of ways.  There are two ways to change the Constitution: by formal amendment and by informal ways.

45. Formal Amendment Process  The Constitution was written so it could be amended or changed.  Article V sets out two methods for the proposal and two methods for the ratification of amendments.

46. Formal Amendment Process  There are 4 possible methods of formal amendment.  ** WATCH VIDEO ON TEACHER RESOURCES  Students should follow along using the diagram and text on page 79 of their textbook

47. Federalism and Popular Sovereignty  Note that the formal amendment process emphasizes the federal government system.  Proposal takes place on national level and ratification on state level.

48. Proposed Amendments  Article V declares that “no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.”  The Executive branch has no real power in the Amendment process because it is technically not creating a law.

49. Proposed Amendments  Although there were thousands of joint resolutions calling for amendments, only 33 of them have been sent to the state and 27 have been ratified.

50. The 27 Amendments  Review the 27 amendments.  Note that although they have been ratified, they did not change the overall make up of the Constitution.

51. The Bill of Rights  The Bill of Rights was almost immediately added to the Constitution because of the controversy surrounding the Constitution.  Collectively, the first 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights, which guarantees our basic freedoms as American citizens.

52. The Later Amendments  Review the other 17 amendments to the Constitution.  For your portfolio, give a brief description of each amendment and why you think it was important or why it was passed. (only 2 sentences per amendment)

53. { Federalism: Powers Divided

54.  Students will create a graphic organizer that compares and contrast the following:  Expressed Powers  Implied Powers  Inherent Powers  *And give examples of each. Assignment

55. { The framers of the Constitution wanted a powerful central government but still have the states maintain some power. They were convinced that: 1. Too much power in government can pose a threat 2. Government power needs to be somehow restrained 3. Government power should be divided so that abuse of power can not occur The Framers Choose Federalism

56. Federalism Defined  Federalism is a system of government in which a written constitution divides the powers of government on a territorial basis, between a central government and several regional governments, usually called states or provinces.

57. Federalism Defined  The United State s government is a perfect example of federalism because it sets up division of power between the national government and all 50 states.

58. Federalism Defined  In America, states have the power to make certain decisions and do certain things separate from the central government and vice versa.

59. Federalism Defined  Federalism allows local power to deal with local concerns and the National government to deal with bigger concerns  Practice: Use the internet to look up laws that are unique to certain states and be able to share to the class.

60. Federalism Defined  Federalism also allows for experimentation and innovation.  For example, a state passes a law. If it works, other states might adopt the same law.  Example Welfare

61. Powers of the Federal Government  Lets review your graphic organizers that displayed the differences between the different powers given to the federal government

62. Powers Denied to the Federal Government  The Constitution denies certain powers to preserve federalism in three different ways:  Expressly (eg. Cant take private property away from citizens)  Silence (eg. Create a public school system for the nation)  Denied (eg. Can not tax the states or local units)

63. Powers Reserved to the States  Reserved Powers are powers that are not given to the federal government, therefore are given to the state.  Eg: Can monitor gambling laws, schools, automobile laws, public utilities, police power  The Constitution does not provide powers to the state except the 21 st amendment which allows states to monitor alcohol sales.

64. Powers Denied to the States  Constitution denies some rights to the states.  Eg: can not enter a treaty, alliance, or confederation.  Can not print or coin money  Can not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.  Can not tax the national government

65. The Exclusive and the Concurrent Powers  Most of the powers that the Constitution delegates to the National Government are exclusive powers. (can only be exercised by the National Government and not by the states)

66. The Exclusive and Concurrent Powers  Some powers are concurrent powers, that is they are powers that both the National and State both posses.  These powers include: collect taxes from citizens, define crimes and set punishments.

67. Exclusive and Concurrent Powers  In terms of the Constitution, there are only two levels of government.  Any powers that local government uses is because it was based on state powers.

68. Supreme Law of the Land  Supremacy Clause: came into play because of possible conflicts between state and federal powers.  It states that the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the United States are “the supreme laws of the land”

69. Supreme Law of the Land  Some argue that the Constitution is just an agreement among states and federal government and not among the people of the United States and therefore the powers given to the federal government should be extremely limited.

70. Supreme Court and Federalism  Read about the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland on page 101 of your text and online.  Answer the following questions…  What were the major details of the case?  What did this case mean to American government?  What did this mean for the Supreme Court?

71. { The Cabinet Departments Miss Day

72. Assignment  Students should examine the different departments of the President’s cabinet both in their text (Page 436- 437) and on the internet. Create a department that you feel will be useful for modern day society.  Write a one page essay discussing your reasoning for creating this department and how it will be useful in the future.

73. Executive Departments  There are 15 executive departments that make up the president’s cabinet.  They employ 2/3 of the Federal Government civilian, or non military, workforce.  Originally there were two departments, but as the workload increased so did the departments.

74. Chief Officers and Staff  Each department is headed by a secretary, except for the Department of Justice, whose work is directed by the attorney general.  There job is to fill the gap between the interest of their department and the President’s workload.  They are named by the President and confirmed Senate.

75. Subunits  Each department is made up of a number of sub units.  For example, Department of Justice has a Criminal Division. The Criminal Division is then broke up into the Fraud Section and the Narcotic and Dangerous Drug Section.

76. The Executive Departments Today  The departments vary widely in size. The Department of State, for example, is the smallest with only 30,000 employees.  Department of Defense is the largest employing 700,000 civilian workers and 1.4 million military men and women.

77. The Executive Departments Today  The newest Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002, protects our border and transportation security.

78. The Cabinet  The Cabinet is an informal advisory body brought together by the President to serve his needs.  The Constitution makes no reference to this group, nor did the Congress create it.

79. The Cabinet  At its first session in 1789, Congress established four top-level executive posts: secretary of state, secretary of treasury, secretary of war, attorney general.  Washington frequently asked these four positions for help, hence the cabinet was born.  Today, the 15 leaders of the departments form the cabinet.

80. Choosing Cabinet Members  The President chooses the department leaders and the Senate approves them.  Presidents usually pick people of the same political party as them.

81. Choosing Cabinet Members  Considerations that the President takes when choosing a cabinet position:  Experience  Geography (tries to get an even representation)  Gender and race

82. Cabinet’s Role  Cabinet members have two major responsibilities:  To act as a leader for their executive department  To act as an advisor to the President

83. Cabinet’s Role  At first the cabinet position was very important to help the President with advice. Now, the President has so many advisors that the cabinet position is not as important as it once was.

84. Cabinet’s Role  It depends on the President how much they use their cabinet, if at all.