1. China

15. The Pivot to Asia

19. Warm Up Where did the first Chinese societies emerge? Why does this trend exist in World history?

20. The Xia (Shyah) Dynasty Mythical first Dynasty A Golden Age based on engineering Yu the Great (AKA Yu the Engineer) Became powerful by organizing tribes together to build canals, dams, and levies in order to control the flooding of the Yellow River

26. The Xia Role Models: Xia rulers are a model, something that later Chinese dynasties try to live up to. Chinese historians criticize dynasties for not living up to the standard that the Xia set. “I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.” – Confucius Some emperors will not like being compared to Yu. Why?

27. “The Mandate of Heaven” What is authority based on? Why do you have power and I do not? One answer: the gods. “The Mandate of Heaven”: the approval of the gods. When the Chou (Joh/Zhou) overthrew the Shang in 1027 BCE, they argued that the Shang had lost the approval of the gods, because they were corrupt. From then on, whenever a new dynasty came into power, they claimed that they had the “Mandate of Heaven”

28. The Dynastic Cycle The Mandate of Heaven Is this a solid system? 1. What are the strengths of this system? 2. What problems might arise?

30. “The Mandate of Heaven” Create your own cycle of power Create a visual to represent the cyclical pattern of the Mandate of Heaven 6-Stages This cycle can be anything: Movie stars, TV shows, sports, politics, clothes etc.

31. Warm Up How did ancient Chinese societies interact with their dead ancestors? What do these dead ancestors want?

33. Oracle Bones Shang Dynasty: Priests would submit questions to the gods. Priests would ask about: weather, crop planting, the fortunes of members of the royal family, or wars. These questions were carved onto the bone or shell. Intense heat was then applied with a metal rod until the bone or shell cracked. The Priest would then interpret the pattern of cracks and decide whether people should plant crops, go to war, or change their leaders.

35. The Dynastic Cycle Eventually, the Shang Dynasty falls to the Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty: 1027-256 BC The Warring States Period: Zhou empire frequently invaded by nomads Noble families rise up, infighting commences

36. The Dynastic Cycle Warring States Period leads to the fall of the Zhou This chaos leads China to move away from ancient values Scholars and Philosophers emerge to develop solutions to restore traditional values in China

37. Confucius: A practical man Five relationships lead to social order: Ruler and Subject Parent to child Husband and wife Older sibling and younger sibling Friend to friend

38. Confucius Confucius emphasizes: – Moral cultivation of individuals, – Service to the state, and – Leadership by ethical, educated men. There is a Moral Order (The Mandate of Heaven) – Behavior is based on relationships – Filial Piety: Respect for father and family roles – Citizens respect the ruler – Ruler must act as a father to his citizens

39. Confucius Everyone has a role to play. “A youth is to be regarded with respect. How do we know that his future will not be equal to our present?” – Confucius

40. Daoism Developed by Laozi Focused on a universal forced called “Dao” (the Way) that guides all things Stresses living naturally: People are happiest when they live according to nature The natural order is more important than the social order Human beings should live simply and in harmony with nature

41. Daoism The Tao never does anything, yet through it all things are done. If powerful men and women could venter themselves in it, the whole world would be transformed by itself, in its natural rhythms. People would be content with their simple, everyday lives, in harmony, and free of desire. When there is no desire, all things are at peace.

42. Legalism Founded by Hanfeizi and Li Si Based upon the belief that government should use the law to end civil disorder and restore harmony Rulers should reward those who do well, and punish those who don’t (Punishment more important than reward) “Anyone caught outside his own village without a travel permit shall have his ears or nose chopped off”

43. Legalism Believed that highly efficient and powerful government was necessary Attempted to control ideas and well as actions by burning writings that may encourage rebellion

44. 3 Societal Philosophies Write a short narrative (page) of your daily modern life as if the United States was based on either Legalism, Daoism, or Confucianism (pick one) What would school be like? What would you do with your free time? How do you interact with peers?

45. 3 Societal Philosophies Which philosophy is your favorite? Which would make for the best school?

50. Confucius End of Zhou Dynasty: (WS Per) Confucius’ ideals begin to dominate Chinese government Establishes strict bureaucracy, focus on education, and 5 key relationships However, the Zhou Dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven, leading to the rise of the Xin

51. The Xin (Chin) Through application of Legalist beliefs, Shi Huangdi created a massive empire and unified China Forced noble families to live in capital city Destroyed Confucian works, murdered Confucian scholars, establish autocracy Autocracy: Government with unlimited power used in an arbitrary manner

52. The Xin (Chin) Shi Huangdi launched a program of centralization in China Mandated standards for law, weights, language, writing, currency, trade Created system of roads Built Great Wall with massive labor force Empire fell 3 years after his death

53. The Xin (Chin) Following a peasant rebellion, the Xin Dynasty was overthrown by the Han After a Civil War, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and named himself the first Han Emperor Liu Bang followed Shi Huangdi’s centralist policies without the brutal autocracy