1. ERA 7: The Emergence of Modern America: “The Great War”

2. I Will Gain An Understanding of:  1. The Great War ”WWI” (1914-1918)  2. Why U.S. Entered the war (1917)  3. American life during the war  7.2: The changing role of the United States in world affairs through World War I

3. CHAPTER 19: The First World War

4. “4 M.A.I.N.” Long Term Causes  1. Militarism  2. Alliances  3. Imperialism  4. Nationalism

5. 1. Militarism  Glorification of war  Nations wanted “bigger armies”  And more destructive weapons

6. 2. Alliances  1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements between nations  2. “Entente Cordiale” = Friendly understanding between 2 nations

7. 3. Imperialism  Nations competed for:  1. new territories  2. Raw materials  3. new economic markets

8. 4. Nationalism  Extreme Patriotism  Who has the biggest army (militarism)?  The most foreign territory (imperialism)?

9. Background Info…  Austria- Hungary  And Serbia  Argue over territory

10. Immediate Cause of WWI  The assassination of  Heir to Austria- Hungarian Throne  Franz Ferdinand

11. Ferdinand…  Was murdered in 1914  In Sarajevo (Bosnian Capital)  Austria-Hungarians Held Serbians responsible

12. M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRc g_t2oJkc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRc g_t2oJkc  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmH xq28440c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmH xq28440c

13. Austria-Hungary  Declared war on Serbia, 1914  Began as a “local” Conflict  Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia

14. How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World War?  ***

15. Alliances…  1. Russia  Had to support  Serbia  Why?

16. Alliances…  Czar Nicholas II of Russia  Declared war against:  Austria-Hungary +  Germany, 1914

17. Why Germany?  Germany had an alliance with Austria- Hungary  In turn, Germany  Declared war on Russia + France, 1914  Why France?

18. Germany, 1914  Invaded Belgium  (who was neutral)  Belgium asked  Great Britain for help

19. Great Britain  Declared war on Germany…

20. From Local Conflict to WWI  WHAT BEGAN AS LOCAL CONFLICT  Turned into WORLD WAR I  “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire European continent into the war  “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign territories into war

21. Sides & Alliances  The Triple Entente  1. Serbia  2. Russia  3. Great Britain  4. France  5. U.S. (1917)  And all foreign colonies The Central Powers  1. Austria-Hungary  2. Germany  3.Ottoman Empire  And all foreign colonies

22. “War of Attrition”  Wearing down by constant attacks  New weapons change the way wars are fought  Introduction of “Trench Warfare”

23. Trench Warfare  “Western Front”  Battle line stretching 500 miles  From Switzerland to North Sea

24. “No Man’s Land”  point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench  Mines, barbed Wire, soldiers protect area in front of trench  https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=P9 2guhd7d-8 https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=P9 2guhd7d-8

25. New Weapons Introduced  1. Machine guns  2. heavy artillery  3. Poison Gas  4. Tanks  5. U-Boats (submarines)

26. “Flaming Coffins”/ Planes  Noisy, “crude vehicles”  Pilot sat directly above fuel tank  Morse Code Transmitter  No brakes…

27. How do you Land a WWI Plane?  You turn off the engine…  And hope for the best!

28. Video: Ace of Aces: Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World WAR

29. German U-BOATS  Early Submarine  U-Boats fired at passenger and freight vessels beginning in 1915

30. Currently at the Getty Museum  http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibition s_events/exhibitions/ww1/index.html http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibition s_events/exhibitions/ww1/index.html

31. Why did the U.S. Enter WWI?  From Neutrality to Allied Power  Reasons why U.S. entered WWI

32. U.S. Was Neutral  Between 1914- 1917  What caused U.S. to become involved in WWI?

33. 1. Sinking of the Lusitania  1. German U-Boat fired & sank the Lusitania, 1915  British passenger liner  1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans

34. 1.The Sinking of the Lusitania  Caused outrage in American Public  Germany claimed Ship was carrying American weapons and supplies to Great Britain

35. 2. “Zimmerman “ Telegram  British intercepted a telegram  Sent to German Ambassador in Mexico  If Mexico forms an alliance with Germany, Germany will help it regain the Southwest territories

36. 3. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare  German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off the coast of Great Britain  Defiance of right to free trade  Disruption of trade

37. 4. American Security  Was the U.S. safe?  Issues of security worry the nation

38. U.S. Entered WWI  April 2, 1917  American Congress & President Woodrow Wilson Declared war on Germany and allies

40. U.S. In Preparation For War: Military Expansion  1. National Defense Act, 1916 – expanded the federal army from 90,000 to 175,000  2. Naval Construction Act, 1916 – authorized $500-$600 million for 3 year expansion program

41. U.S. In Preparation For War: Military Expansion  3. Selective Service Act, 1917 -  “conscription”  All men 21- 30 (later 18-45)  Must register for draft

42. U.S. In Preparation for the War  4. Commission on Training Camp Activities  Presented films, lectures, to new recruits

43. Mobilizing a Nation  1. Lever Fuel and Fuel Control Act, 1917  Herbert Hoover’s “Food Administration”  Purpose: To reduce civilian use of foodstuffs

44. Mobilizing a Nation  Voluntary compliance instead of food rationing  Limited consumption of meat, sugar, energy  Housewives monitored consumption:  “meatless Mondays”, “Wheat-less Wednesdays

45. Mobilizing A Nation  12,000 Native Americans Served– American Expeditionary Force  260,000 African Americans served (excluded from Marines)

46. The War Industries Board, 1917 Most important mobilization agency  (WIB) could:  1. Allocate raw materials, 2. tell manufacturers what to produce,  3. order construction of new factories  4. fix prices with approval of the President

47. New Labor Force  4 million men at war  Created labor shortage  Women, African Americans, minorities encouraged to enter industries

48. “ The Great Migration”  Over 400,000 African Americans  Moved from South to North / West  Between 1910- 1930 number of African Americans in Northern States tripled

49. Women and WWI  Supported the war effort by:  organizing war- relief drives  Conserving foodstuffs  Supporting the Red Cross  Joining the Army Nurse Corps

50. Women & “War Work”  1 million women went to work  Available jobs: loading docks, farms, railway crews, armament industries, machine shops, steel & lumber mills, chemical plants

51. 19 th Amendment  Women’s Suffrage (women’s right to vote)  President Woodrow Wilson: “giving women the right to vote is vital to the winning of the war”

52. When the War Ended…  African Americans, Women, and other minorities lost their jobs  And were replaced by WWI vets…

53. Civil Liberties – U.S.  The Espionage Act, 1917- $10,000 fine or 20 years in prison for anyone who aided “the enemy”

54. Civil Liberties in U.S.  The Sedition Act, 1918 – penalties for saying, writing, or printing anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the American govt. or military

55. Civil Liberties?  At least 1500 pacifists, socialists, German supporters were arrested after the passage of the Espionage and Sedition act

56. Fear & Ignorance  Performances of German –authored or German Themed music cancelled  German language no longer taught in schools  “German” streets & food re-named:  Sauerkraut = “liberty cabbage”  Hamburgers = “Salisbury Steaks”

58. Wilson’s (most important) 14 Points- Jan.1918  1. Abolishment of secret treaties  2. Freedom of the seas  3. Economic freedom  4. Reduction of arms  5. End of colonization  6-13. Freedom of all people to choose independence  14. Formation of League of Nations

59. The End of WWI  Germans sought “Armistice” – agreement to end fighting  WWI ended :  11-11-1918

60. Celebrating the End of the Great WAR  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haC_ fO7yO_Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haC_ fO7yO_Q  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sey wjxZ8L0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sey wjxZ8L0

61. Paris Peace Conference, 1919  Resolution discussed  Central Powers excluded from negotiations

62. The “Big Four”, 1919  1. Woodrow Wilson = U.S.  2. Georges Clemenceau = France  3. Lloyd George = Great Britain  4. Vittorio Orlando = Italy

63. New European Map  New Countries formed as a result of WWI:  1. Czechoslovakia  2. Hungary  3. Romania  4. Serbia  5. Yugoslavia  6. Poland  7. Finland  8. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia

64. Treaty of Versailles, 1919  Article 231:  Placed sole blame for the war on Germany  German Army/navy reduced  Germany lost all of its colonies

65. Wilson’s League of Nations  International forum the answer for peace  U.S. congress voted against it  Article X: called for members to stand ready if another member nation’s sovereignty was threatened

66. League of Nations Would Have..  1. Dealt with economic & social problems  2. Encouraged world disarmament  3. Settled disputes between nations peacefully

67. WWI Aftermath  10 million soldiers killed  3-5 million civilians killed  28-30 million wounded or disabled  Cost: $400 billion (modern day currency)

68. The Spanish Influenza  More casualties than the war!  Spring 1918- 1919 “ Pandemic”  22 million people throughout the world  In 1 month : 10,000 Americans died

69. The “Trench Coat”  Designed by Burberrys Company in London  Designed for soldiers in the trenches!

70. The Trench Coat

71. (PART II) ERA 7: The Emergence of Modern America

72. I WILL Gain an understanding of:  1. American Life during the 1920’s  2. Popular Culture During the 1920’s  3. Politics and the Economy During the 1920’s  7.3: How the United States changed from the end of World War I to the eve of the Great Depression

73. “The Lost Generation”  Economic Prosperity and…  Disillusionment & Uncertainty after WWI  Young, Urban intellectuals rebelled against conservative ways, consumerism

74. American Economy 20’s  U.S. Experienced An economic boom  1. Unprecedented burst of consumer activity  2. Credit introduced– “buy now, pay later”  3. Rise in industrial production

75. Automobiles  Became affordable  By 1915, L.A. had heaviest traffic in the country…  20% of Americans owned automobile by 1930

76. 1920’s -“Birth of Modern Culture”  1. The “New Morality” of women  2. “Jazz Age” Culture  The arts: writers, musicians  3. Movies become most popular form of mass entertainment

77. Jazz Music- “Truly American”  Popular Musicians: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday  Jazz Age – popular amongst rebellious young adults  Symbolized a desire to break form tradition

78. 1920’s & Dance  Most popular dance: “the Charleston”  Parents considered dance inappropriate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE

79. The Harlem Renaissance  Harlem, New York  Center of African American arts & culture  Writers, musicians, poets, artists expressed the joy and pain of being African- American

80. The “New Woman” of the 1920’s  Women defied expectations of womanly behavior  1. Shorter skirts  2. heavy make up  3. “bobbed” hair  The “bad girl” look

81. The Flapper

82. Radical Change in Women’s Fashions!

83. The Flapper Controversy… Is Flapper fashion a sign of a new generation straying from morals,  Or  An expression of female American Individualism?

84. Prohibition 1919-1932  Temperance movement began in 1840’s  alcohol seen as a “moral issue”  German “enemies” – Pabst, Schlitz, Miller (beer companies)

85. 18 th Amendment  The Manufacture, sale and transportation of liquor was made illegal (1919)  The Volstead Act – enforced 18 th Amendment

86. In Context of 1920’s Consumerism  Prohibition created a culture of :  1. Speakeasies (underground clubs)  2. organized crime

87. Random “Liquor” Inspection Checks

88. Organized Crime  Illegal manufacturing /sale of alcohol provided criminals with wealth  “mobsters” Could afford automobiles, machine guns, “nice suits”

89. Al Capone  Ran a Chicago based bootlegging, gambling empire  Earned him an income of $60 million!!  Was sentenced to 11 years in prison 1931 for tax evasion…

90. Celebrating the End of Prohibition

91. The Entertainment Industry Emerged in the 1920’s

92. National Broadcast System (NBC)  Commercial radio  Reached 5 million homes across country  Established common cultural identity

93. The Silent Film Era  Silent films  1927 The Jazz Singer first film to feature sound  “You ain’t heard nothin’ yet!”  First Animated film: Steamboat Willie, 1928  Introduction of Mickey Mouse & Walt Disney

94. Steamboat Willie – 1928  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c7p Mg5yARo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c7p Mg5yARo

95. Hollywood, California  The center of movie making by 1927  85% of film making in or around Hollywood  Promoted jobs & new industries (costume, agents, casting, make-up )

96. Impact of Film  Impact of radio & film: What does a society learn from these methods of communication?  Do films “undermine morality” OR  Reinforce traditional values?  Or create social norms?

97. Impact of Film  1. Movies reached all social classes  2. Created an obsession with celebrities  3. Reinforced Gender roles  4. Introduced Fashion to mass audience

98. Weekend Entertainment  1920’s Los Angeles…  What did people do for fun??

99. 1. Lion Farm, El Monte, CA

101. 1. LION FARM, EL MONTE, CA

102. 1. Lion Farm, El Monte

103. Former Lion Farm…

104. 2. San Gabriel Mission (1924)

105. 2. San Gabriel Mission

106. 3. Los Angeles Ostrich Farm

107. 3. Luna Park Zoo, Lincoln Heights (Park)

108. 4. Los Angeles Alligator Farm

110.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymlby OvBRXM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymlby OvBRXM  Lion farm  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbtVIL ZIzbs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbtVIL ZIzbs  Alligator farm

111. 1920’s L.A.

112. Celebrity Culture  New models of femininity & masculinity:  1. Miss America pageant  2. Sports figures: Babe Ruth (baseball), Jack Dempsey (boxing)

113. Celebrity Worship…  Charles A. Lindbergh  1 st to fly solo across the Atlantic in his plane  Spirit of St. Louis, 1927

114. Charles Lindbergh…

115. The Price of Fame  1932 - Lindbergh’s baby was kidnapped & held for ransom  Sensational news coverage

116. Social Commentary *Authors Concerned about the influence of money Critical of materialistic culture  F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby  Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pond

117. 1920’s in Modern Day Film

118. Celebrities of the 1920’s  1. Babe Ruth – Baseball  2. Charles Lindbergh – pilot  3. Louise Brooks – actress  4. Charlie Chaplin - actor

119. The (Monkey) Scopes Trial  Science vs. Religion  1925 John Scopes  A Biology Teacher in Tennessee was arrested …

120. The (Monkey) Scopes Trial  For teaching the theory of evolution !  Scopes was found guilty  The ruling was later overturned

121. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial  Accused of armed robbery & murder  Political views came into question  Did they receive Un- Fair trial?  Case illustrates society’s fear of radicals and recent immigrants

122. Sacco and Vanzetti Trial  Their political views overshadowed evidence of crime  Convicted  Executed 1927

123. The Red Scare  Fear of Communists  Due to Russian Revolution (1917)  Labor strikes, unions seen as negative  1919 deportation of “Radical Aliens” – Russians targeted

124. The National Origins Act, 1924  Purpose: to use quotas to restrict flow of immigrants form Southern & Eastern Europe Quotas favored northern European countries Immigrants from Asia banned (1882 Chinese Exclusion Act) Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) prompted immigrants to leave Mexico and enter the U.S.

125. 1920’s Republican Presidents  1. Warren G. Harding  elected, 1920  Promised return to “normalcy”  And a return to domestic prosperity  Interest World affairs a thing of the past

126. 1920’s Republican Presidents (cnt’d)  1. Warren G. Harding: His cabinet made of friends “ Ohio Gang”, “Poker Cabinet”  Close friends accepted bribes  Presidency labeled as “dishonest”

127. 2. Calvin Coolidge  Was Harding’s V.P.  Became President in 1923  Following Harding’s death  Won election 1924  “Silent Cal” Rarely worked  Refused to pay WWI vets their promised bonuses

128. 3. Herbert Hoover  Won the Presidential election in 1928  Promised “prosperity & progress”

129. 3. Herbert Hoover  Believed in “rugged individualism” – anyone can become successful if they work hard enough  Did not know Economic disaster was only 8 months away…

130. Essential Questions: ????????????  1. Did the Prohibition experiment succeed or fail? Why?  2. What was the Harlem renaissance?  3. Did the 1920’s “Flapper” represent a decline moral attitudes, or female individualism?  4. What impact did the introduction of credit have on the national economy? Society’s attitudes towards material goods?

131. ERA 8: The Great Depression & WWII 1929-1945

132. I will gain an understanding of:  8.1: The causes of the Great Depression and how it affected American society  8.2: How the New Deal addressed the Great Depression, transformed American federalism, and initiated the welfare state

133. Economic Crises Prior to 1929  Labeled “panics”  Short lived economic depressions  Correspond with natural business cycle  1819-1907

134. Economic Terms  1. “Stocks” – certificates of ownership in a company  2. “Stockholders” – owners of certificates, receive certain percentage of corporation’s profits through dividends

135. Economic Terms  “Bull Market” – upward trend in stock prices (good)  “Bear Market” – downward trend in stock prices (bad)

136. Overconfidence in the 1920’s  People bought stock “on margin”- paid small down payment, borrowed rest from a broker  By 1929, stocks were selling for 16 times their actual worth

137. Economy Out of Control  1. Era of permanent economic growth  2. “Get rich quick” schemes- people gambled life savings  3. Overproduction of manufactured goods

138. Oct. 24, 1929  “Black Thursday”  Nervous Investors began to sell shares of stock  Prices plunged

139. Oct. 29, 1929  “Black Tuesday” – the most devastating single day in market history  Prices sank to all time low  Brokers tried to recover loan money owed to them  People could repay loans,had to sell stocks

140. Farmers Suffered  Overproduction = surplus goods  Bought new tractors & machinery on credit = heavy debt  Led to foreclosure of farms

141. Workers Suffer  Overproduction of manufactured goods  Both consumer & industrial  Flood American market  Companies & Factories lay off workers, cut wages

142. Banks Closed!  9,000 banks closed  People could not re-pay loans  People lost savings

143. What is An Economic Depression (1929-1933)?  1. Sharp drop in business activity  2. accompanied by widespread unemployment  Gross national product= total value of all goods + services -fell from $103 billion to $56 billion in the U.S.

144. Top 5 Causes of The Great Depression  1. Stock Market Crash 1929  2. Bank Failures  3.Reduction in Purchasing  4.American Economic Policy in Europe -As businesses began failing, American companies traded less with other countries.  5. Drought in the Mississippi Valley in 1930

145. Widespread Unemployment  1929 = 1.5 million  1932= 12 million  Wages fall  Immigration decreases  1932 = 20,000 American suicides

146. Widespread Poverty  Breadlines, soup kitchens  “shantytowns” – makeshift shelters

147. President Hoover’s Response  Believed in: Rugged individualism ““– success comes through individual effort”  Offered no economic relief!  Encouraged Americans to contribute to charity “volunteerism”

148. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932  Created by Congress  RFC’s purpose:  To stimulate economy  Authorized to issue loans to assist railroads, banks, municipalities  Benefits the wealthy

149. “Bonus Army” March to Washington  WWI vets marched in 1932  Demanded early release of $ owed to them by the govt.  Camped in capital in  “hoovervilles” – make shift shelters

150. Hoovervilles  The homeless moved to “Hoovervilles”

151. Violence  WWI vets not given bonuses  Protest turns violent  Hoover sends in army  2 veterans die  Nation horrified

152. Dustbowl, early 1930’s  Massive dust storms:  Oklahoma, W. Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas  Due to drought, poor agricultural practices

153. Dust Bowl- Ecological Disaster  Thousands died of “dust pneumonia”  10,000 farm homes abandoned

154. Dust Bowl Migrants  People packed and move west :  Faced discrimination in the West  Called “okies”

155. Between 1933-1939  957,000 people moved to California  1. Migrant farmers displaced by Dust Bowl  2. Immigrants

156. Depression Era Discrimination  Mexican immigrants accused of “stealing jobs” from Americans  Many including American citizens were deported through the Repatriation program in the 1930’s

157. Mexican Repatriation 1930’s

158. Repatriation 1930’s  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ5p vg5-4Nk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ5p vg5-4Nk

159. 1933 Long Beach Quake  March 10 th, 1933  5:54 pm / 6.3  Hardest hit: Long Beach, Compton  115 deaths  http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=w HH-3eF-bFs http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=w HH-3eF-bFs

160. 1933 Long Beach Quake

161. 1933 Earthquake  Many schools in Southern California Damaged  Students attended classes in tents

162. 1933 Long Beach Earthquake  As a result of extensive damages  Fields Act - passed in 1935: Construction standards for school & public buildings

163. President Franklin D. Roosevelt elected 1932  “the only thing we have to fear…is fear itself” – FDR Inaugural Address (1933)  Presidential Platform: NEW DEAL

164. Franklin Delano Roosevelt & the New Deal (1933-1935 )  3 goals: Relief, Recovery, Reform  “First 100 Days” – passage of bills which:  Repaired banks, restored faith in the economy, provided jobs for the unemployed

165. FDR’s “Fireside Chats”  Weekly radio addresses to inform and soothe American public

166. Glass -Steagall Act-1933 (Emergency Banking Relief Act)  Paved the way for FDIC (Federal deposit insurance corporation)  Protected American’s banking deposits

167. New Deal Programs- Employment  1. Public Works Administration (PWA) employed Americans to rebuild infrastructure

168. New Deal Programs- Employment  2. Civilian Conservation Corps: employed men ages 18-25 in forests, parks, soil conservation projects

169. New Deal Programs- Employment  3.Tennessee Valley Authority:  brought hydroelectric power to Tennessee  Flood Control and Hydro-electric dams built (1933- 1944 )

170. Second New Deal (1935-1938)  more relief & reform  Works Progress Administration (WPA) – employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, paint murals

171. Works Progress Administration  Created jobs for artists, playwrights, writers, Musicians

172. Depression Era Land Marks  1. Griffith Observatory, completed in 1935

173. Depression Era Land Marks  2. Union Station, 1939

174. Depression Era Land Marks  3. The Concrete banks of the Los Angeles River

176. Depression Era Land Marks  4. Samson Tire Company (Citadel Outlets)

177. Depression Era Land Marks  5. Knott’s Berry Farm

178. Second New Deal (1935- 1938  Social Security Act – 1935 guaranteed benefits to  retirees,  disabled,  unemployed

179. 

180. 1930’s… Golden Age of Cinema

181. “Little Mission”, 1939

182. Mission Garden, 1936