1. Psychological Development
Chapter 9
Psychological Development
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2. Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology – The study of how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences
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3. How Do Psychologists Explain Development?
Development is a process of growth and change brought about by an interaction of heredity and the environment
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4. The Nature-Nurture Interaction
Nature-nurture issue – Long-standing discussion over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes
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5. The Nature-Nurture Interaction
Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects
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6. The Nature-Nurture Interaction
Identical twins– A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg which later split into two distinct individuals
Fraternal twins– A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb
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7. The Nature-Nurture Interaction
Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family
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8. Gradual versus Abrupt Change
Age
Performance
Discontinuity view
Continuity view
Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view
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9. Gradual versus Abrupt Change
Developmental stages – Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning
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10. Psychological Traits in Your Genes
While psychological traits are formed by interaction of heredity and the environment, many traits have a strong genetic influence
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11. What Capabilities Does the Child Possess?
Newborns have innate abilities for finding nourishment, interacting with others, and avoiding harmful situations; the developing abilities of infants and children rely on learning
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Prenatal Development
Prenatal period – The developmental period before birth
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Placenta – An organ that develops between the embryo/fetus and the mother
Teratogens – Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism
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13. Neonatal Period (from birth to one month)
Sensory abilities
Motor abilities
Postural reflex
Grasping reflex
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14. Attachment
The most important social construct an infant must develop is attachment (a bond with a caregiver). Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting.

15. Attachment
Harry Harlow and his monkeys. Harry showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachment.
Click the monkey to see a video of Harlow’s experiment.

16. Attachment
Critical Periods: the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development. Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.
Click on the monkey to see what a baby monkey does when he HAS attachment and imagine what it is like when he does not (like above).

17. Types of Attachment Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.
Three types of attachment:
Secure
Avoidant
Anxious/ambivalent
Click picture to see clip of Ainsworth’s experiment.

18. Infancy (from one month to about 18 months)
Babies learn through classical conditioning
Humans apparently have an inborn need for attachment
Secure attachment
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Avoidant attachment
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19. Infancy (from one month to about 18 months)
Maturation – The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time
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20. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
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21. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
Responds to sound
Becomes quiet when picked up
Vocalizes occasionally
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22. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
Smiles socially
Recognizes mother
Rolls from side to back
Lifts head and holds it erect and steady
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23. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adult
Searches for source of sound
Sits with support, head steady
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24. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across table
Sits with slight support
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25. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
Discriminates strangers from familiar persons
Turns from back to side
Makes distinctive vocalizations
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26. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
Lifts cup and bangs it
Smiles at mirror image
Reaches for small object
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27. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
Makes playful responses to mirror
Sits alone steadily
Crawls
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28. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
Vocalizes up to four different syllables
Listens selectively to familiar words
Pulls to standing position
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29. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
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30. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
Plays pat-a-cake
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31. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
11 mo.
Stands alone
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32. Maturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth
1 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
4 mo.
5 mo.
6 mo.
7 mo.
8 mo.
9 mo.
10 mo.
11 mo.
1 year
Walks alone
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33. What Are the Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood?
Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in adolescence and adulthood
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34. Cognitive Development
Cognitive development – The process by which thinking changes over time
Schemas – Mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thoughts
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35. Cognitive Development
Assimilation – Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemes
Accommodation – Mental process that restructures existing schemes so that new information is better understood
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36. Cognitive Development
It was thought that kids were just stupid versions of adults. Then came along Jean Piaget Kids learn differently than adults

37. Schemas
Right now in your head, picture a model.
Children view the world through schemas (as do adults for the most part). Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us. It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.
But does this one?

38. Assimilation Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
If I teach my 3 year that an animal with 4 legs and a tail is a dog….
Assimilation
Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
What schema would you assimilate this into?
Or this?
What would he call this?

39. Assimilation in High School
When you first meet somebody, you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this, what schema would you assimilate them into?
Would you always be right?

40. Accommodation Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.

41. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
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42. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Birth to about age 2
Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Sensorimotor intelligence
Mental representations
Object permanence
Formal Operational
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43. Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Experience the world through our senses.
Do NOT have object permanence.
0-2
Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.

44. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
About age 2 to age 6 or 7
Marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Egocentrism
Animalistic thinking
Centration
Formal Operational
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45. Preoperational Stage
2-7 Have object permanence Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own. Do NOT understand concepts of conservation.
Click the boy to see kids with egocentrism.

46. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
About age 7 to about age 11
Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Conservation
Mental operations
Formal Operational
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47. Conservation
Conservation refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
Click the boy to see kids trying to grasp conservation.

48. Concrete Operational Stage
Can demonstrate concept of conservation. Learn to think logically
Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.

49. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
From about age 12 on
Abstract thought appears
Formal Operational
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50. Formal Operational Stage
What would the world look like with no light? Picture god What way do you best learn?
Abstract reasoning Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them Hypothesis testing Trial and Error Metacognition Not every adult gets to this stage

51. Social and Emotional Development
Theory of Mind – An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own
Temperament – An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction
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52. Social and Emotional Development
Zone of proximal development – The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance
Socialization – The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society
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53. Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents Authoritative Parents Permissive Parents

54. Social and Emotional Development
Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:
Authoritarian parents
Authoritative parents
Permissive parents
Uninvolved parents
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55. Social and Emotional Development
Other factors influencing a child’s development may include:
Effects of day care
School influences
Leisure influences
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56. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Age/Period
Principal Challenge
0 to 1 1/2 years
Trust vs. Mistrust
1 1/2 to 3 years
Autonomy vs. Self doubt
3 to 6 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
6 years to puberty
Confidence vs. Inferiority
Adolescence
Identity vs. Role confusion
Early adulthood
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Late adulthood
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
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57. What Changes Mark the Transition of Adolescence?
Adolescence offers new developmental challenges growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes
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58. The Transitions of Adolescence
Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood
Rites of passage – Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood
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59. Physical Maturation in Adolescence
Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity
Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness
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60. Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Formal operational stage – Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)
Hormones rise to high levels
The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”
This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex
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61. Social Identity in Adolescence
Identity crisis
The increasing influence of peers
Common social problems in adolescence
Delinquency
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62. Sexual Issues in Adolescence
Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:
Masturbation
Same-sex orientation
Heterosexual behavior
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63. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
I. Preconventional morality
Stage 1: Pleasure/pain orientation
Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity
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64. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
II. Conventional morality
Stage 3: “Good child” orientation
Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation
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65. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
III. Postconventional (principled) morality
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation
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66. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Culture and morality
Gender and morality
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67. What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face?
Nature and nurture continue to produce changes throughout life, but in adulthood these changes include both growth and decline
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68. The Developmental Challenges of Adulthood
Love and work
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Generativity – A process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations
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69. The Last Developmental Problems You Will Face
Ego-identity – The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness
According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair
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70. The Last Developmental Problems You Will Face
Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as
Vision
Hearing
Thinking, learning, and problem solving
Memory
Sexual functioning
Social interaction
Emotions
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End of Chapter 9
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