1. Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy
Plant Physiology
Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy

2. Objective 3.01
Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.

3. Plant Sciences
Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes
Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals
Botany the part of biology that deals with plants

4. Plant Sciences
Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown
Agronomy
Forestry
Horticulture

5. Agronomy
The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.

6. Forestry
The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products.

7. Horticulture
The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants

8. Life Cycles of Plants
Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year
Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years
Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years

9. Leaf Retention Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season
Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year-round

10. Plant Hormones
Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently.
Inhibitors
cytokinins
gibberellias
auxins

11. Inhibitors
Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.

12. Cytokinins
Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.

13. Gibberellias
Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

14. Auxins
Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement

15. Moisture in Plants Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture
Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture

16. Plant Growth Dormant A plant rest or grows very little
Response to an adverse condition

17. Season Crop Type Cool Season Warm Season Plants relish cool weather
Pansies grow best in spring or fall
Warm Season
Grow best in summer and early fall
Zinnia
Marigold
Vinca
Poinsettia

18. Objective 3.02
Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

19. Leaves-External
Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem
Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf
Midrib-the large center vein
Veins-the structural framework of the leaf
Margin-the edge of the leaf

20. Leaves-External

21. Leaves-Internal
Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture
Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration
Guard Cells-open and close stomates

22. Leaves-Internal
Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll
gives leaves their green color
necessary for photosynthesis

23. Leaves-Internal

24. Leaves-Internal

25. Leave-Functions Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration
process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food
Respiration
converts sugars and starches into energy
Transpiration
release of water vapor from the leaves of plants
It also cools the plant

26. Leave-Additions Sessile describes leaves without a petiole
Example zinnia
Bracts are modified leaves
Example poinsettia
Needles and scales are modified leaves
Example pine tree

27. Leave-Additions Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel
Example southern magnolia
Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel
Example African violet

28. Stems-External Lenticels-breathing pores
Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located
Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached
Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem
Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem

29. Stems-Internal
Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves
Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots

30. Stems-Internal
Phloem
Phloem
Xylem

31. Stems-Internal
Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells
Bark-old inactive phloem
Heartwood-old inactive xylem
Sapwood-new active xylem

32. Stems-Internal
Bark
Cambium
Sapwood
Heartwood

33. Stems-Internal
Monocota-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle
examples: corn, grasses
Dicata-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium
example: trees

34. Stems-Internal
Monocot
Dicot

35. Roots-External Root cap-indicates growth of new cells
Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals
Root images from a rice plant

36. Roots-Internal
Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer
Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root
Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

37. Layers of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots
are easier to transplant
Tap-long root with few branched ones
more difficult to transplant

38. Flowers
Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens
Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers
Stamen-male part of the flower
Pistil-female part of the flower

39. Flowers

40. Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther
Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

41. Parts of the Pistil
Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized
Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary
Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

42. Parts of the Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary

43. Complete-vs-Incomplete
Complete flowers have both male and female parts
Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

44. What are the functions of these plant parts?

45. Functions of Leaves
Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things
Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen

46. Functions of Stems
Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots
Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds

47. Functions of Roots
Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem
Anchor the plant and hold it upright
Store food for plant use
Asexual reproduction in some plants

48. Functions of Flowers Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction
Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.)
Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds

49. Objective 3.03
Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

50. Taxonomy The science of classifying and identifying plants
Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.

51. Karl von Linne
Swedish botanist that developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species.
Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus.

52. Scientific Names
Latin is the language used for scientific classification.
The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar.

53. Genus vs. Species
Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics.
Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.

54. Scientific Classification
The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom--either plant or animal.
The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum.

55. Divisions The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are:
Thallophites
Bryophytes
Pteriophytes
Spermatophytes

56. Spermatophytes Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants
Two subdivisions are:
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

57. Common Plant Genus Pinus-Pine Acer-Maple Ilex-Holly Ficus-fig
Cornus-dogwood
Rhododendron-rhododendron
Quercus-oak