1. Introduction to Nanotechnology
Mark Tuominen
Professor of Physics
UMass Amherst

2. Nanotechnology
What, How, Why?

3. The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program
Nanotechnology
The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program

4. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov

5. How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !

6. Smaller still DNA 6,000 nanometers Hair . 100,000 nanometers
10 nm objects
made by guided
self-assembly .
100,000 nanometers

7. Nanotechnology
Is it a truly a new field?
Is it all hype?

8. Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod
10 GB
2001
20 GB
2002
40 GB
2004
80 GB
2006
160 GB
2007
Hard drive
Magnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!

9. Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi

10. Magnetic Data Storage
A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
“Read”
Head
Signal
“Write”
Head
current S N
Disk N S 1 _
“Bits” of
information
direction of disk motion

11. Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
Perpendicular
Write Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
1 bit
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media
using self-assembled nano-templates
• Also, making new designs for storage

12. Nanotechnology
Is it truly a new field?
Is it all hype?

13. Perspective
Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.
Some nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:
Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles
Photographic film - silver nanoparticles
Tires - carbon black nanoparticles
Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

14. nano.gov
"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"

15. NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass
Research
Education
Outreach

16. Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
Lithography
Deposition
Etching
Machining
Chemical
Self-Assembly

17. Photolithography for Deposition
process recipe
apply
spin
bake
spin coating
substrate
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
exposed
unexposed
"scission"
develop
narrow line
deposit
liftoff

18. Lithography Patterned Several IBM Times Copper Wiring On a Computer
Chip

19. Self
Assembly

20. An Early Nanotechnologist?

21. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
A nanofilm!

22. Quantum Dots by Chemical Synthesis (reverse-micelle method)
"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse CdE
(E = S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)

23. SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “B”
Block “A” PS
PMMA
~10 nm
Scale set by molecular size
Ordered Phases
10% A
30% A
50% A
70% A
90% A

24. Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
CORE CONCEPT
FOR NANOFABRICATION
Deposition
Template
Etching
Mask
Nanoporous
Membrane
(physical or
electrochemical)
Remove polymer
block within cylinders
(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

25. Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
nanoporous template
1x1012 magnets/in2
Pulse reverse electrodeposition results in improved microcrystalline structure and improved magnetic properties (larger perpendicula magnetocrystalline anisotropy)
Data Storage...
...and More

26. Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)
To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
For a sustainable future!

27. Solar Cells Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Konarka

28. Perhaps the most important result of the Nanotechnology Initiative so far: "The Medici Effect"
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Medicine
And others
Electronics
Materials
Health/Biotech
Chemical
Environmental
Energy
Food
Aerospace
Automotive
Security
Forest products

29. Students & Nanotechnology - A Field for People Who Want to Solve Technological Challenges Facing Societies Across the World