1. and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s
Rise of New Leaders
and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

2. Hitler’s Rise to Power

3. Totalitarianism
Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural) Form of Dictatorship
Few Individual freedoms
Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
Strict controls and laws
Military state (secret police, army, military)
Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
Propaganda (State controlled media – radio, newspapers, posters)
One leader (dictator); charismatic
Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
Terror and Fear

4. Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Who Would You Vote For?
Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health.
Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3 I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

5. Who Did You Vote For?
Contestant #3
Contestant #2
Contestant #1

6. What was Hitler’s Early Life Like
Born to Alois and Klara Hitler in Austria.
Mother dies - Hitler blames her Jewish doctor for her death.
Wanted to be an artist – not accepted into the Vienna Academy of Art
Paternal Grandfather - Jewish

7. Hitler’s Paintings

8. Hitlers failure in Art school in Vienna
Couldn’t paint/draw faces. Is this a pretty good indicator that he had issues ?
What group of people would you guess ran the art schools that wouldn’t admit Hitler ?

9. How did WWI Influence Hitler?
He served in German Army:
wounded and received two Iron Crosses for bravery.
First success in his life –Made him
love military
Blamed Germany’s defeat on Jews, Communists, and “November Criminals” - signers of TOV

10. Why did Hitler Join the German Workers Party?
Army Sent Hitler to investigate in 1919.
Gave a speech denouncing the TOV, Jews and Communists
Asked to Join

11. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans

12. What is the NAZI Party?
German Workers Party changed to National Socialist German Workers Party - “NAZI” Party
Fascist beliefs
Drafted a platform of 25 points
Swastika – ancient symbol meaning good luck

13. What was the Beer Hall Putsch?
October 30, 1923
Failed NAZI Party Revolution- Hitler imprisoned
While there he writes a book

14. Hitler in Landesberg Prison

15. What is Mein Kampf? “Mein Kampf” = “My Struggle”
Blueprint for Germany’s future
Racism - hatred for Jews Scapegoat for
Germanys problems
2. Lebensraum (living space) expansion of Germany’s border
3. World Domination

16. What Problems did Germany’s government have after WWI?
Weimar Republic – democracy established after WWI
Faced Political opposition from
communist
fascists

17. What economic problems did the Weimar Republic have after WWI?
Reparations – repayments for war damages to Allies
Caused:
High Unemployment
Starvation
Desperation….

18. What is Hyperinflation?
US German
Jan $1 = $5.21
Jan $1 = $191.81
Jan $1 = $17, 972
Dec $1 = $4.2 T
Hyperinflation - soaring inflation
(increase in prices due to too much money and too few goods)

19. Ripe for change

20. The German Mark

21. What did Hitler offer to the German people?
Promises, Promises
Nationalists - Restore Germany to Greatness
Wealthy Industrialist – stop communism
Workers – end unemployment
Blamed Others for Germany’s Problems
Jews
November Criminals
Weimar Republic
Great speaker
Stop reparation payments, give all germans food and jobs, make them proud to be German again, blamed Jews for Germany’s problems

22. 100,000 6.6 Billion 13 Abolish the Treaty of Versailles!
German Army limited to
Germany had to pay reparations to allies
Accept war guilt
Germany lost % of its territories and colonies
The Rhineland was demilitarised
Anschluss (union) with Austria was forbidden
Germans were forced to live in Czechoslavakia (the Sudentenland) and Poland (including Danzig)
100,000
6.6 Billion 13
Thought that the Treaty of Versailles
was unjust and humiliating

23. How does Hitler become Chancellor?
“Brownshirts”– Hitler’s private army
used fear tactics to eliminate opposition
Used speeches and propaganda to gain support
Nazi Party gains votes in Reichtag (German Legislature):
1930 = 18% of vote
1932 = 37% of vote
Hitler appointed Chancellor (Prime Minister) in 1933
Hitler appted by President of Germany (Hindenburg), Chancellor similar to Prime Minister, to satisfy the Nazis in the Reichstag

24. How did Hitler Gain Total Power?
“Reichstag fire” Set by Nazi’s - blamed on communists -Hitler vowed to fight them
Ended democracy in Germany
Declared state of emergency and suspended individual rights and democratic protections (freedom of speech)

25. What actions did Hitler take as Der Furher – The Leader?
Ignored the TOV
Rebuilt Army & Opened Weapons Factories
Stopped reparations payments
Economy improved
New Jobs - military sector
Decreased unemployment
Eliminated political opposition
Began planning for expansion of the Third Reich (Third Empire)

26. What was the Jewish Problem?
Hitler’s belief that Aryan German’s were the “Master Race” – blond hair, blue eyes, strong and disciplined
Blamed Germany’s problems on the Jewish
Racism and propaganda used to create distrust and hatred against Jews and non-Aryans.

27. “The Eternal Jew” Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.
This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

28. NAZI PROPAGANDA AGAINST THE DISABLED This frame from a filmstrip shows that the money needed to support a person with a hereditary disease can support an entire family of healthy Germans for the same amount of time.

30. Worlds Greatest Pep Rallies

31. January 1933 – Adolph Hitler becomes Chancellor (Primeminister) of Germany
A strong leader declared to the German people that he would restore German pride, rebuild their shattered country and have vengeance for the Treaty of Versailles.

32. Hitler was lionized as
“der Fuehrer”, and the 3rd Reich born
His pol. popularity grew b/c of ongoing propaganda, eco. growth (autobahn), foreign policy “successes”…

33. a massive state propaganda program was implemented, inc
a massive state propaganda program was implemented, inc. Nuremberg Rallies
Goebbels, as Min. of Truth and Enlightenment, created the “Big Lie”
Unacceptable ideas were stamped out – the “Burning of the Books”(Censorship)
D-1

34. What actions did Hitler take to solve the “Jewish Problem”
1935 Nuremburg Laws
Stipped Jews of Citizenship
Can’t Hold Public Office
Barred From Schools
Boycott Jewish Businesses
Banned non-Jews from marriage to Jews
1938 Kristallnacht
Jews attacked on streets
Jewish businesses vandalized
Burned Synagogues
Many Jews shot or sent to prison camps
D-2,3

36. Formative What did the people want? What did Hitler Offer? 1.
Name and explain three ways Hitler gained control of Germany
Name 3 problems Germany had after WWI

37. Nazism
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
What is Nazism?
extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian
based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party
belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”
belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe
Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

38. 1938 Time Man of the Year What do you think America thought of him ?

39. From foot-soldier to Führer
Hitler’s rise from corporal to Fuhrer was remarkable
Sixteen years ( ) separate these two pictures
Hitler’s rise is unprecedented in history
From defeated and demoralized corporal to one of the most powerful men on the planet
Key Question: How far was Hitler responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War? 5

40. Lebensraum
Germany's future, Hitler declared, entirely depended on meeting its need for more Lebensraum -living space; the German nation had a right to a larger share of land. The question was where the space could be acquired "at the lowest cost." The answer lay not in overseas colonies but in Europe itself, "in immediate proximity to the Reich."
Hitler’s ‘Greater Germany’ would have a population of over 85 million
Germany’s land would be insufficent to feed this many people
Hitler intended to expand Eastwards towards Poland and Russia. Russians and Poles were Slavs – Hitler believed them to be inferior and so Germany was entitled to take their land. 6

41. Hitler’s Actions: Timeline
DATE
ACTION
1933
Took (G) out of League of Nations
Began rearming (G)
1934
Tried to take over Austria but Mussolini prevented him
1935
Held massive rearmament rally in (G)
1936
Reintroduced conscription
Sent troops into Rhineland
Made anti-Communist alliance w/ Japan
1937
Tried out (G)’s new weapons in the Spanish Civil War
Made anti-Communist alliance w/ Italy
1938
Took over Austria
Took over the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia
1939
Invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
Invaded Poland
WAR!

42. Rearmament 1933: 1934: 1935: 1000s of unemployed drafted into army8
1933:
1000s of unemployed drafted into army
Reduced unemployment & built military
Claimed only reason to rearm was because other nations had not disarmed
Withdrew from L of N (Like Japan earlier)
1934:
L of N disarmament conference fails
L of N members not willing to disarm
Members used military to reduce unemployment, not willing to change
1935:
Massive ‘Proclamation of Freedom to Rearm Rally’

43. Rearmament 1936: Rearmament popular w/ Germans
H reintroduces conscription
Rearmament popular w/ Germans
Nazi support increased dramatically
Pride restored to nation
Humiliation of T of V partially erased
Britain helped dismantle Versailles
1935: signed agreement allowing (G) a navy 35% as large of (E) navy (violation!!!)
(E) believed restrictions on (G) in T of V too strict, (G) not able to defend itself
(E) feared Central Europe was too weak to face growing Soviet power
(France) really hacked off, but what could they do?

44. Proportion of German spending that went to armaments, 1935-194010

45. German armed forces in 1932 and 1939
(950,000)
(8,250)
(95)
(30)
(100,000)
(36)
1932
1939
1932
1939
1932
1939
Warships
Aircraft
Soldiers
Fill out the first row of your ‘Versailles Chart’
What factors allowed Hitler to get away with rearming Germany?

46. Reasons and Reactions No Action taken He needed larger armies to13
He needed larger armies to
protect Germany, and large
armies also provided jobs and
solved unemployment
problems caused by
The Great Depression.
Britain sympathized with
Germany, believing that the
Treaty of Versailles
had been too unfair
on them. They also believed that a
strong Germany would act as
a barrier against Communism.
The French were angry
with Britain, but there was
little they could do.

47. CRASHING IVIL WAR IN SPAIN E-OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND14
E-OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND
NSCHLUSS WITH AUSTRIA
UDENTENLAND CRISIS
CRASHING
ITLER TAKES OVER REST OF CZECHOSLAVAKIA
TALY AND GERMANY FORM PACT
AZI-SOVIET PACT
ERMANY INVADE POLAND

48. C The Spanish Civil War 1936: Civil War! 1937: Guernica!
Republican government & Pro-government Communist forces fought right-wing (Fascist) rebels General Francisco Franco
Hitler saw war as opportunity to fight communism & give troops combat experience
1937: Guernica!
(G) ‘Condor Legion’ (Luftwaffe) purposely targeted civilians to demoralize enemy
League of Nations looked on w/o interfering

49. Remilitarization of the Rhineland
Rhineland a key industrial region
Coal, steel, iron center (needed for rearmament)
March 1936: Hitler’s first major risk
Ordered troops moved into Rhineland
Direct violation of T of V
Direct violation of Locarno Treaties (1925)
If Allies responded H would be humiliated
Probable loss of power / military coup
Why did Hitler do it?
(France) & (Russia) just signed mutual defense pact
Hitler claimed (G) was under threat from (Fra) & (Rus)
H knew (England) felt T of V too harsh
(England) would probably not intervene
E-3,4,5

50. Reasons and Reactions Hitler got away with it! 6
France was going through an internal
political crisis at the time and there
was no political leadership to
concentrate against Nazi Germany.
Britain generally supported the view
that Nazi Germany was only
going into her own "backyard" and
that this section of Versailles did not
need to be enforced in the mid-1930’s.
It was believed that Germany was
behaving in a reasonable and
understandable manner.
France and Russia had made
a treaty to protect each other from
Germany. Hitler said that he
should be allowed to place
troops on his own frontier.
Hitler got away with it!

51. Anschluss(Reuniting former German territory) with Austria, 1938
Hitler’s homeland, Austria
Mainly ethnic Germans
Many supported anschluss
Hitler failed in 1934 because Mussolini opposed
Hitler succeeded in 1938 (Mussolini now ally)
Strong Nazi Party in Austria
H had (A) Nazis riot & protest, demanding anschluss
H pressured (A) Chancellor Schuschnigg to agree to anschluss
Schuschnigg asked for (Eng) & (Fra) help, got no support
March 1938: Schuschnigg ordered plebiscite but Hitler, fearing loss, sent troops in
Under watchful eye of (G) army anschluss plebiscite was 99.75% in favor (har har har)
7-13
(E) Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed (A) & (G) should be united

53. Reasons and Reactions There were lots of German people
France and Britain refused to help Austria.
The British prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain felt the Treaty of Versailles
was wrong and that Austria
and Germany should be united. This
was justified by the fact that they
were both German speaking nations.
Hitler was now even more convinced that
Britain and France would not
Stand in his way in the future.
There were lots of German people
living in Austria and Hitler said the
people of Austria wanted to unite
with Germany.
Austria was economically weak
and Hitler promised to solve
this problem.

54. S Sudentenland 1938 Appeasement in Action! Appeasement in Action!
14,15,16
The Sudetenland contained 2 million German speakers
They had NEVER been part of Germany (Austrian before 1919)
Hitler demanded ‘self-government’ for the Sudeten Germans
The Czechs were outraged…
Chamberlain hesitated…
Chamberlain flew to Germany twice & agreed
Then Mussolini called a conference at Munich
Appeasement in Action!
Appeasement in Action!
The Czechs were not invited!
Britain, France, Italy & Germany agreed to give the Sudetenland to Germany
Hitler then demanded that the Sudetenland be given to Germany

55. It means “Peace in our Time”
Sudetenland Continued – The ‘Peace of Paper’
At Munich, Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate treaty. It promised that Britain and Germany would never go to war with each other again… 17
It’s just a piece of paper – the old man wanted my autograph so I gave it to him
It means “Peace in our Time”

56. They chose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor
They chose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war!
Churchill 18

57. H Stalin Panics – Czechoslovakia March 1939 No excuses!
Hitler promised at Munich that he did not want any more land
In March 1939 Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
No excuses!
Czechoslovakia was an independent state, it had no German minority
GB & France finally get the message!
They guarantee to defend Poland if it is attacked
Stalin Panics
He thinks GB & France are letting Hitler move east to attack him!
Decides to buy time to re-build shattered Red Army…
19,20,21

59. The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936-7
Hitler found he had friends
Mussolini also heavily involved in Spanish Civil War
Japan despised communism & Soviet power in Asia
1936: (Ger) & (Japan) sign anti-Comintern pact
1937: (Italy) joined pact
‘Comintern meant Stalin’s ‘Communist International’ organization which promoted world-wide communism
(Ger) (Italy) (Japan) united against Soviet Union
New alliance called ‘Axis’ alliance. The name stuck
22,23,24

60. N – Nazi-Soviet Pact August 1939 So… They signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
I can’t fight Germany yet – I’ve just purged my Red Army! And Britain & France won’t help ME!
I can’t invade Poland if Britain & France attack me in the West AND the USSR attacks me from the East
So…
They signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
They promised not to attack each other
In secret they promised to divide Poland between them
25,26,27
All clear for Hitler to invade...

62. G Invasion of Poland September 1939
1st September – Germany invades Poland
Britain and France give 48 hrs to withdraw
3rd September – Britain and France declare war on Germany 28

63. Was Appeasement the right policy?
It was the right policy because Britain was not ready for war.
It was the wrong policy because it encouraged Hitler.

64. Why did war break out in Europe in 1939?
It wasn’t Hitler’s fault. He was a gambler, not a planner ..
It was all Hitler’s fault. He planned it step by step.

65. CRASHING IVIL WAR IN SPAIN E-OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND
NSCHLUSS WITH AUSTRIA
UDENTENLAND CRISIS
CRASHING
ITLER TAKES OVER REST OF CZECHOSLAVAKIA
TALY AND GERMANY FORM PACT
AZI-SOVIET PACT
ERMANY INVADE POLAND

66. Mussolini

67. Italy Problems After WWI
460,000 Soldiers killed
Heavy debt
Dissatisfaction with TOV - Britain and France didn’t give Italy the land they promised in the Treaty of London
Governments were coalitions that couldn’t make decisions

68. Problems Continue Value of lira declined Price of bread rose
Shortage of Coal
Rising unemployment let to unrest in cities
Peasants seize lands

69. Mussolini Gains Power Promises to solve Italy’s problems
Something for everyone:
Nationalists – recreate the Roman Empire
Landowners – protect private property
Workers – full unemployment
Blackshirts
Mussolin’s Followers
Used Force to gain power

70. March on Rome 1922
“Either the government will be given to us or we shall seize it by marching on Rome”
20,000 Blackshirts in a planned Coup d’etat
King Victor Emmanuel fears Civil War - names Mussolini Prime Minister

71. “Il Duce” – The Leader Solved Unemployment Problem
Restored Patriotism and Nationalism
Recaptured Italy’s Greatness
“Made the Trains Run on Time
Limited Individual Freedoms

72. Rise of Militarism in Japan

73. What Problems did Japan have after WWI?
Weak Constitutional Monarchy
Conflicts with west over immigration policies and TOV/LON
Population Explosion
35M to 60 M
Need land for farming and living space
Industrial Revolution = need for more raw materials
Economic Problems due to Great Depression

74. What type of government evolved in Japan?
Civilian government had no control over military
Militarism influenced all aspects of society
Military gradually gains control of the government
Hirohito figurehead
Tojo as Military General and Leader of Japan

75. What were Japan’s Military and Nationalist Goals?
Solve Countries Problems through foreign expansion
Pacific empire rich in raw materials and living space
Begin in 1931 – Invasion of Manchuria
1931 Attack on Manchuria

76. What was the Rape of Nanking?

77. Formative What problems did Japan have after WWI?
Which group in Japan gained political power after WWI?