1. Subcategories of Verbs

2. THE VERB PHRASE What is Comp? VP V + Comp + Adjunct(PP) or (AdvP)
Anything following the main verb necessary to make the sentence GRAMMATICAL in the intended MEANING.
Branching from the lowest branch nearest to the verb.

3. Complements & Adjuncts
Closely related to the head (verb) and essential to the meaning of a phrase.
Mostly obligatory
Sister to the predicate forming a ‘constituent’
ADJUNCTS
Not related to the meaning of the verb.
Can be repeated and moved in a sentence.
Always optional.
They are not close sisters to the verb.

4. WHAT ARE THE VERB PHRASE COMPLEMENTS?
Test:
1. Delete one phrase.
2. If the result is ungrammatical then the phrase is a complement of V.
3. If the result is grammatical BUT the meaning of the verb changes then the phrase is also a complement of V.
4. If the meaning of the verb does not change then the phrase is not part of the complement of V.

5. I put the box in the closet
Delete ( the box)
I put in the closet. *
Delete (in the closet)
I put the box. *
That means that BOTH phrases are parts of the complement of the verb.
THUS :
Put : [NP– NP PP]

6. I fried an egg on the sidewalk
Delete (an egg)
I fried on the sidewalk. (grammatical but meaning changed)
Delete (on the sidewalk)
I fried an egg.
Grammatical, & reserves the meaning of (fry)
That means (on the sidewalk) is not part of the complement of V.
Fry: [ NP --- NP ]

7. SUBCATEGORIES EXAMPLES FEATURES SUB- CATEGORY sleep, escape, arrive
[ NP ---]
Intransitive
Hit, wipe, thank, love, pour, kiss
[NP --- NP]
Transitive (type 1)
Ask, think, say,
[NP --- { NP/CP}]
Transitive (type 2)

8. SUBCATEGORIES EXAMPLES FEATURES SUB- CATEGORY Spare, name [NP– NP NP]
Ditransitive
(Type 1)
Put, place, keep
[NP – NP PP]
(Type 2)
Give, throw, send, bring
[NP– NP {NP PP}]
(Type 3)
Tell, show, promise
[NP– NP {NP/PP/CP}]
(Type 4)