1. The Rural – Urban Continuum

2. Aims Why have rural and urban areas changed?
To what extent can we define rural and urban areas?
What are our perceptions of rural and urban areas?
Where do we get them from?
It is now unusual to find a clear distinction between rural and urban areas - now there is a gradual decrease in urban characteristics with increased distance from urban centre – known as the urban-rural continuum.

3. Why have rural and urban areas changed?
Rural and urban areas have changed due to 4 main processes :
Counter Urbanisation : the movement of people and businesses away from towns and cities to rural areas
Suburbanisation : the movement of people from the inner city areas to the suburbs of towns and cities leading to the growth of the suburbs and the extension of the urban area

4. Why have rural and urban areas changed?
Re-Urbanisation : the movement of people and businesses back to the CBD and Inner City due to redevelopment and regeneration
Intra-urban migration : Any population movements made within urban areas e.g. as families develop and their housing needs change this is reflected in their intra-urban migration

5. A summary
Copy this diagram

6. Are the following images urban or rural?

23. Did you have difficulties deciding?
Parks in cities are open areas with plenty of wildlife
There are close knit communities in towns and cities
Are rural villages close knit communities?
Do all people in the countryside hunt, farm, fish and shoot?
Is everyone living in towns and cities stressed and worried about crime?
Increasingly difficult to distinguish between rural and urban, the transition is often gradual

24. Defining rural and urban areas.
Rural population size differs between countries - UK : 10,000; France : 2000; Ireland :200
Functions in rural areas thought to be :
Land use dominated by agriculture, forestry and open spaces
Contains smaller settlements
Based on a way of life characterised by close knit communities
What do you think the functions in urban areas are perceived to be?

25. Cloke’s Index of Rurality
Cloke’s index categorises all areas of England and Wales into four criteria:
extreme rural,
intermediate rural,
intermediate non-rural and
extreme non-rural; as well as urban areas.
Cloke used 16 different ways of drawing the conclusions, all of which lead to the measure of an area’s rurality.

26. Cloke’s Index of Rurality
Occupancy rates
Commuting
Female population (15-44)
Amenities
Population density
Agricultural employment
Elderly population
Remoteness (distance to 50,000)

27. Perception of rural and urban areas
Rural and urban mean different things to different people
Look at the following : Is this where people get their perceptions of rural and urban areas from?

28. Perception
What is it?
culture, personal background and socioeconomic level influence a person’s perception of the geography of their local area

29. Tasks Perceptions of settlements How can settlements be described?
Your description of settlements
The last activity should show you how culture, personal background and socioeconomic level influence a person’s perception of the geography of their local area and particular places.

30. Perceptions of rural areas

34. Perceptions of urban areas