UNIT 4 A New Nation Part 1-George Washington Part 2-John Adams

UNIT 4 A New Nation Part 1-George Washington Part 2-John Adams
Part 3-Thomas Jefferson Part 4-War of 1812 Part 5-James Monroe Part 6-Supreme Court Cases UNIT 4 A New Nation

America’s 1st President Part 1
George Washington America’s 1st President Part 1

Part 1- Washington Takes Office
Washington was the top vote getter 2nd runner up was John Adams – becomes the Vice-President April 30, 1789 – inaugurated/sworn in New York City Inauguration – the ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office

Taking office… All eyes were on him – everything he did set a precedent for following presidents Precedent – an act or a decision that sets an example for others to follow. Congress decided to call him “Mr. President”

Washington’s Challenges
Washington faced several major challenges as he worked to create a functioning federal republic and as he worked to establish the foreign and domestic policies for the United States Define the authority of the central government Create a stable economic system Build a military Maintain national security Conduct foreign relations Enter into treaties with Indian tribes

The First Cabinet… Congress created departments to help the President lead the nation Secretary of War Secretary of Treasury Secretary of State Attorney General

Turn to page 259-American republic
Find who the first cabinet members were and answer it on the next slide in your notes. Tg

Class Activity If you were president and you had to assign members of this class to serve in your cabinet today, who in the class would fit best in each of these roles and why? Secretary of State Secretary of Treasury Attorney General Secretary of War Who?________ Who?_________ Why would they be good in this role?

Economic Problems… $54 million in national debt
National debt: the total amount of money that a government owes to others Hamilton created a plan that reflected his belief in a strong central government Thought that the government should encourage business and industry (free enterprise)

Hamilton’s Financial Plan (as Secretary of Treasury)
Pay off all war debts Create a national bank Establish a whiskey tax Create protective tariffs Establish the nation’s credit Place to deposit collected taxes Led to Whiskey Rebellion Ended up hurting American businesses and farmers

He also promised to build a new capital city in Virginia (later named Washington DC)

The only part of Hamilton’s plan that was not approved was the protective tariff

THOUGHT SPOT Imagine you are a representative in Congress in Would you have supported Hamilton’s financial plan? Why or why not?

STOP Students read, “Alexander Hamilton” (green class set)
Student answer 8 questions about Hamilton’s life.

Conflict Madison and Jefferson believed Hamilton’s plan would only benefit the wealthy They also believed the Constitution did not give the federal government the right to create a national bank A rift begins to form among Washington’s government officials, and political parties begin to arise

First 2 Political Parties
Federalists Democratic-Republicans (often called just Republicans) Which political party would you have been during our early republic? Answer the questions on the following slides on your packets to see which party back then best fits you!

1. What kind of Government would you support?
Strong National/Federal Government Limited National Government with States’ Rights

2. Who should we be closer allies/friends and trading partners with?
French British

3. Which type of Economy? Economy based upon Farming
Economy based upon Business and Shipping

4. Should we have national bank?`
Favored a National Bank Wanted State Banks to control their own money Wanted State Banks to control their own money

5. Your Interpretation of the Constitution
Loose construction Loose construction-means that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid “Can be flexible when need be” Strict construction- people who favor strict constitution think that that federal government should do only what the constitution specifically says it can do “Means what it says”

6. Biggest Governmental Fear
Fearful of a Government Ruled by angry uneducated mobs…Shays and Whiskey Rebellion Fearful of a Government ruled by one person or a powerful few….Monarchy, Tyrant or Dictator

7. Who should be in charge of the government?
“The rich and educated should rule because they have a vested interest in and knowledge of government.” “The common people should have more say in the government. After all, they make up the greatest majority of Americans.”

How to DISCOVER your results.
Put an “F” for “Federalist,” next to any of those on the next slide you put on your list Put a “R” for “Republican-Democrat”, next to any on the 2nd slide that you put on your list.

FEDERALISTS LEADER Alexander Hamilton Pro-British Strong Federal
government Wealthy & Educated loose constructionists Merchants FEDERALISTS LEADER

Democratic-REPUBLICANS
Thomas Jefferson Pro-French Favored States’ rights Open to all adult males LEADER OF Democratic-REPUBLICANS STRICT constructionists Farmers

Which did you have the most of? F or R? Circle your result on the top.
RESULTS Which did you have the most of? F or R? Circle your result on the top.

Computer Lab On December 17th Mrs. Auger’s class will go to computer lab and compete political survey on the website…. Which political party do you best identity with today?

Causes Differences 1.philosophy of government
2.interpretation of Constitution 3.economic interests 4.perspective on foreign affairs

Effects 1. 2 parties can propose different solutions
2. Each party nominates candidates 3. Political parties become a way of American life

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Main Party Leaders Federalists Democratic-Republicans Alexander Hamilton, John Adams Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

Constitutional Views Federalists Democratic-Republicans “Loose” – should take necessary steps to govern the nation “Strict” – should only have powers stated in the Constitution

Views on Government Federalists Democratic-Republicans Favored a strong national government Favored states’ rights

Views on Foreign Policy Federalists Democratic-Republicans Pro-British – feared mob rule Pro-French – sympathized with the want for freedom

Main Supporters Federalists Democratic-Republicans Merchants and manufacturers (wealthy) Farmers and skilled craftsmen

Who Should Vote Federalists Democratic-Republicans Only those who own property (wealthy) Open to all adult males

Whiskey Rebellion… Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains often converted their excess grain into whiskey, which was easier to carry over the mountains than bushels of grain The new federal whiskey tax imposed by Congress caused great hostility among them

Whiskey Rebellion… Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax and threatened tax collectors Washington quickly called up the militia to put down the rebellion Washington was ready to use force, but the rebel farmers fled before any fighting took place

Whiskey Rebellion… Proved the federal government was not afraid to use military force to enforce the law The WHISKEY REBELLION tested the will of the new government. Washington’s quick response proved to Americans that their new government would act firmly in times of crisis. The President also showed those who disagreed with the government that violence would not be tolerated.

Student Activity If you were Washington, what action would you take?
Choose one and defend your choice. Explain. A. Ask Congress to repeal the whiskey tax. B. Work out a compromise with the farmers, reducing the tax on whiskey and increasing the tax on imported goods. C. Send an army to the area and force farmers to pay the tax.

Setting Up the Courts… the # of justices
Constitution created the Supreme Court but left many things for Congress to decide, such as… the # of justices how much power the Supreme Court would have creation of the federal court system

Judiciary Act of 1789 Set up federal courts with the power to reverse state court decisions Washington named John Jay as the first Chief Justice

Washington’s Foreign Policy & the French Revolution 1789
French farmers and poor – rebelled against King and Queen (who were beheaded) French people wanted a constitution with rights — like the US had America’s success in the American Revolution influenced the French Revolution

France declared war on Britain in 1793 US was put in an awkward position Jefferson – US should help because the French helped us in the American Revolution Hamilton – but Britain’s trade was too important to risk for war

Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793 Stated that US would not get involved in European affairs President Washington refused to help the French against their government This was a defeat to Jefferson; this along with other defeats led Jefferson to leave the cabinet

Most Important Precedent…
Refused to run 3rd term Worried the executive branch would be too powerful Followed until Anyone know which president?

Washington Retires Served from 1789-1797
Greatly admired by the American people 8 years in office created national unity 2nd term – difficult due to splits in political ideology

Farewell Advice – AVOID PDA!
US should remain neutral dealing with other countries – avoid alliances Political differences could weaken the nation – DO NOT split into political parties! Avoid national debt

Washington’s Farewell Address
“ Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent Alliances, with any portion of the foreign nations … to have them as little political connection as possible.” – George Washington Farewell Address, 1796 Washington did not oppose foreign trade, but rejected alliances that could drag the nation into war. His advice guided foreign policy for many years!

Student writing activity
Roll dice and multiply your answer times 2. Answer that question from your PINK HISTORICAL CHARACTER CARDS in regards to George Washington. Respond in packet.

Adam’s Presidency Part 2

The Election of 1796 1. The Federalists chose Vice President John Adams as their candidate for president and Charles Pinckney for vice president. 2. The Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson as their candidate for president and Aaron Burr for vice president.

The Election of 1796 3. Adams was elected president with 71 electoral votes. 4. At that time the person with the second most electoral votes became the vice president, Jefferson received 68 and became Adams vice president. 5. This meant the president was from one party and the vice president from another party.

The XYZ Affair Jay’s Treaty with the British was a threat to France.
6. The French felt Jay’s Treaty with the British was a threat to France. 7. Adams sent a delegation to Paris to resolve the dispute. 8. Three French agents tried to bribe the U.S. delegates for a peace agreement. 9. Adams was furious. 10. Referring to the French agents as X, Y, and Z, Adams urged Congress to prepare for war.

Undeclared War with France
11. Congress strengthened the Army and created a Navy. 12. Washington led the Army. 13. U.S. and French ships fought several times. 14. After two years, peace was finally made between France and the U.S.

STOP 1. First the class will read text American Republic, pages 269 (Starting with The Election of 1796) through 270 2. Each student will work on “On Set!” writing the story in a form of a movie for the XYZ affair.

Alien and Sedition Acts
The threat of war made Americans more suspicious of aliens in the U.S. In 1798, the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed to protect the nations security.

Three Parts: The Naturalization Act Required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for citizenship The Alien and Sedition Acts The Alien Acts A series of laws that allowed the president to imprison aliens or send them out of the country if he considered them a threat The Sedition Acts Made it a crime to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous, and malicious” criticisms of the government

Why they were passed The federalist-controlled Congress wanted to: strengthen the federal government silence Republican Opposition Results Discouraged immigration and led to some foreigners already in the country to leave. Convicted 10 Republican newspaper editors who had criticized the Federalist government. Reaction Opposition to the Federalists party began to grow. Led to movement to allow states to nullify (overturn) federal laws

The Federalist Party Divided
The Federalists Party was divided on the issue of war. While they were arguing, Adams lost re-election to Jefferson. The Federalist’s also lost the majority in Congress. After the election of 1800, the Democratic-Republicans will take control for the 1st time.

End of John Adams’s Presidency

Election of 1800 of Jefferson ending John Adams’s presidency
The election results came in and the federalist party will lose control of the Executive Branch The Democratic-Republican party will take control of both the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch

Marshall and the Judiciary
John Adams had passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, and he appointed as many Federalist judges as he could before Jefferson could take office Jefferson could not do anything because federal judges are appointed for life!

Marbury v. Madison Video

Marbury v. Madison William Marbury was one of Adam’s last minute appointments (known as the “Midnight Appointments”). Adams named him as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. Madison (Jefferson’s secretary of state) refused to give him the job and Marbury sued!

Adams appointed John Marshall as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Marshall served as chief justice for over 30 years!

final say in interpreting
The Supreme Court heard the case – ruled the law which Marbury sued under was unconstitutional…so he didn’t get the job! Although the court denied Marbury’s claim, it did establish the principle of judicial review Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution

By establishing judicial review, Marshall helped to create a lasting balance among the three branches.

STOP Returning due to popular demand! We will be doing the “text message” activity. One of you will be William Marbury and the other John Marshall. William needs to try and convince John Marshall to rule in his favor, and Marshall needs to text back why he won’t. In your texts you must include: 1. 2 points from your notes (PRE-AP must have 3) 2. Two hashtags that reference points from notes.

Thomas Jefferson Part 3

History Classes read pages 278-280 over Jefferson’s election
STOP-READING History Classes read pages over Jefferson’s election PRE-AP additionally reads the print out reading over Thomas Jefferson Exit question: Who’s side would you chose and why?

DEBATE ACTIVITY You will be divided in groups of 5-6 and will be representing either John Adams or Thomas Jefferson in a debate. Each group will be given a packet with debate questions/ques. You will each be assigned one of the 6 questions and agree upon a representative to act as Adams or Jefferson. Part of your grade is to create banners, “buttons,” bumper stickers, or anything else you can think of to create for your political campaign to hold/wear while your representative is debating.

Architecture Advised the architects on the construction of Washington D.C. designed his home, Monticello

Jefferson lived as he preached
walked the two blocks from his boarding house to the Capitol round table for dinners so no one could sit at the head of the table on his tombstone Jefferson chose not to list that he was president of the US!

Undoing Federalist Programs
As a Republican president, he felt it was important to end some of the programs put into place by his Federalist predecessors Alien and Sedition Acts (limited people voices) Taxes – including the Whiskey Tax(Supports Farmers) Cut government employees (small gov’t) Cut the size of the military (small gov’t) Public debt MUST be paid first! (No Debt)

READ YELLOW COPY ABOUT JEFFERSON’S ELECTION
STOP READ YELLOW COPY ABOUT JEFFERSON’S ELECTION

Thomas Jefferson His Legacy

What did Jefferson see as “good government?”
Believed the best government was one that governed least. Jefferson opposed special privileges for wealthy and sympathizes with the farmers Inaugural Address: …a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, which shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement. And shall not take from the mouth of labor and bread it had earned. This is the sum of good government. Thomas Jefferson Think, Pair, Share What did Jefferson see as “good government?”

The Louisiana Purchase & Exploration

The West in 1800 The “West” – area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River Thousands of settlers were moving to the region Mississippi River was the western border of the US Westerners political influence grew as their numbers did

Louisiana Purchase Western farmers need to use the Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans to send products to East Coast Jefferson tried to rent the use of New Orleans Port from the French Napoleon (French leader) would not rent but offered to sell ALL of LA Territory

Jefferson – Constitution did not say anything about a president’s right to buy land!
Jefferson was a strict interpreter of the Constitution…BUT supported nation of small independent farmers – that required land! April 30, 1803 the Louisiana Purchase was approved for $15 million- 3 cents per acre! The purchase doubled the size of the US

Lewis and Clark Explore
Jefferson planned an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory Jefferson chose Captain Meriwether Lewis to lead Lieutenant William Clark was selected to oversee the volunteer force – called the Corps of Discovery The Corps of Discovery were 40 men – physically fit, experienced outdoorsmen = Lewis and Clark Expedition

Meriwether Lewis Well qualified Expert hunter
Trained by Jefferson in geography, mineralogy and astronomy Kept journals

William Clark Skilled mapmaker Outdoorsman Natural leader
Rugged explorer

Clark’s slave, York, joined them
He was the first black man that Indians had ever seen Expert hunting skills

Pre-AP must be a political cartoon
ACTIVITY Each student will create an advertisement for support for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Include a picture and 2 sentences! Pre-AP must be a political cartoon

Lewis and Clark set out in the summer of 1803 from D.C.
Reached St. Louis by winter -gateway to the West The explorers waited there until March 1804 when Louisiana was officially transferred to the United States.

Up the Missouri River May 1804 – headed up the Missouri River in 1 shallow-bottomed riverboat and 2 canoes President Jefferson hoped they would find a water route across the continent The expedition was also to establish good relations with the Native Americans and describe landscape, plants and animals they saw.

The first afternoon they traveled only 3 miles – boats going against current
Late October – reached Mandan Indian villages (now North Dakota) and spent the winter with the friendly Mandan French-Canadian and British trappers were not happy to see Americans in their fur trapping territory

Spring expedition set out again with French trapper, his 17-year-old wife, Sacagawea, and their baby Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography were valuable to the explorers

On to the Pacific The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped at the Great Falls of the Missouri Ten mile long series of waterfalls It took two weeks to get around the falls! They carried their boats and heavy supplies The explorers met with Sacagawea's brother who helped them cross the Rocky Mountains

The Return! Lewis and Clark will return to St. Louis, Missouri following basically the same route. They arrive 3 years and 3 weeks from the time they left! Their reports convince many Americans to move into the new U.S. Territory!

America Story of US-Westward
VIDEO America Story of US-Westward Min 1-16 minutes

The War of 1812 Part 4

Causes of the War of 1812 British arming Natives in the Ohio River Valley British impressment of American sailors

Britain began impressing (kidnapping) American sailors to work on British ships.
, impressed about 6,000 Americans

The United States military was weak when war began.
Navy had 16 ships Army had fewer than 7,000 poorly trained men Little equipment Inexperienced officers

Battles concentrated around:
-Great Lakes -Washington DC -Louisiana -Mississippi

The Burning of D.C. British troops marched into city
Dolly Madison (First Lady)gathered important papers and a portrait of George Washington then fled south British troops burned the executive mansion (White House) and the capitol The British move and attacked Fort McHenry at Baltimore

STOP Students complete “The War of 1812” activity, using descriptive language to explain the impact of the burning of Washington D.C.

Fort McHenry

The commander of Fort McHenry requested a large flag so “the British will have no difficulty seeing it!” American Flag flew high

Francis Scott Key detained on a British ship – watched the all-night battle. The next morning, He expressed his pride in what became the national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”

The Americans

The British

Battle of New Orleans The British prepared to attack New Orleans = cut off Americans trade on the Mississippi BUT Andrew Jackson waiting for the British! Jackson’s American soldiers and pirates defeated the Brits

Jackson’s men dug trenches to defend themselves
Jackson’s men dug trenches to defend themselves. British soldiers charged the American trenches. More than 2,000 British fell. Only seven Americans died!

Battle of New Orleans Play song on youtube.com “Battle of New Orleans”

Song-Battle of New Orleans
In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississipi We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in a town in New Orleans We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they begin to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico We looked down a river And we see'd the British come And there must have been a hundred of'em Beatin' on the drums They stepped so high And they made their bugles ring We stood by our cotton bales And didn't say a thing We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they begin to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'Till we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'Till we see'd their faces well Then we opened up our squirrel guns And really gave 'em - well we Fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they begin to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Yeah, they ran through the briars And they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes Where the rabbit couldn't go They ran so fast That the hounds couldn't catch 'em On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off the gator lost his mind We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they begin to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico

Student Response: Write a 4-5 complete sentence summary of the song “The Battle of New Orleans.” ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Final, most deadly battle for the British
Andrew Jackson became a hero. The battle took place two weeks after peace treaty signed!

Andrew Jackson

Treaty of Ghent 1814 Ghent, Belgium Signed December 24, 1814
Ended War 1812 None of the issues causing war addressed---“Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled.” return matters as before the war

Americans pride in their country.
“The people are now more American. They feel and act more as a nation.”

James Monroe Part 5

Time after War 1812 people not divided over political issues or war
Era of Good Feelings Time after War 1812 people not divided over political issues or war PATRIOTISM GROWS

MONROE DOCTRINE Was issued by President James Monroe in 1823
Was actually written by his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams Let the world know that the U.S. was now the “protector” of the western hemisphere

Part 5 Supreme Court Cases
Landmark Supreme Court cases that outlined the powers of the Judicial Branch

Congress President Supreme Court

Case #1: Marbury v. Madison

Chief Justice John Marshall
The Plaintiff: William Marbury The Judge: Chief Justice John Marshall The Defendant: James Madison

John Adams lost to Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800.
The Case John Adams lost to Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800. John Adams Thomas Jefferson Before leaving office, Adams appointed his Secretary of State, John Marshall, to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He also appointed 42 other Federalists to judiciary positions using the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Before taking the judgeship, John Marshall was to deliver (inform) the 42 new judges of their appointments. He was able to deliver only He assumed his successor, James Madison would deliver the rest. James Madison

James Madison was the new secretary of state, and President Jefferson told him not to deliver the appointments. William Marbury, appointee to Justice of the Peace William Marbury, an appointee, filed suit (sued) against James Madison because he did not get his appointment. You’re a judge

The Issue What are the powers of the Supreme Court, especially when making decisions about the Constitution?

The Decision Chief Justice John Marshall, declared that Madison should have delivered the appointment to Marbury, but the Court also argued that the Judiciary Act which Marbury used to force his appointment was unconstitutional.

Constitutional Significance
1. Judicial Review: The case established the Supreme Court’s right to review acts of the President and Congress and declare them unconstitutional.

2. The Supreme Court became the final authority on what the Constitution really means.
In Marshall’s own words: “The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It is emphatically the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”

3. Judicial review made the Supreme Court an equal partner in the United States government and an essential player in the system of checks and balances. Supreme Court Congress President = =

Case #2: M&M McCulloch v. Maryland

The Plaintiff: James McCulloch The Judge: Chief Justice John Marshall The Defendant: the state of Maryland

Many people opposed the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S.
No more bank State banks said the creation of the national banks presented unfair competition. In an effort to help state banks, Maryland issued a tax on the U.S. Bank of Baltimore.

The chief cashier of the Bank of the U. S
The chief cashier of the Bank of the U.S., James McCulloch, refused to pay the tax. Maryland took McCulloch to court in the state court, and the ruling was that McCulloch had to pay the tax. McCulloch appealed to the Supreme Court.

The Decision The Supreme Court ruled in favor of McCulloch and the national government.

The Issue Does the federal government have the power to create Congress-chartered institutions such as the Bank of the United States? Bank of the U.S.

Constitutional Significance
1. Chief Justice Marshall and the Court ruled that the national government (Congress) did have the authority to create the national bank….”necessary and proper clause “.

The power of the national government was strengthened
The power of the national government was strengthened. Established the supremacy of federal law and the ability of Congress to exercise powers needed to carry out its duties

Case #3: GO: Federal OVER State Gibbons v. Ogden

The Plaintiff: Aaron Ogden The Judge: Chief Justice John Marshall The Defendant: Thomas Gibbons

Aaron Ogden was a licensed steamboat
operator who had a monopoly (exclusive control) on steamboat operations between New York and New Jersey. Gibbons also operated steamboats between the two states but did not have a license.

Ogden won, but Gibbons issued an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Ogden sued Gibbons to keep him from operating his unlicensed steamboat. Ogden won, but Gibbons issued an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Article I of the Constitution gives
Congress the power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States……..”

The Issue Who should regulate commerce (trade) the states or the federal government?

1. The Supreme Court expanded the
Constitutional Significance 1. The Supreme Court expanded the meaning of the definition of commerce to increase the national government’s power to regulate commerce.

2. The commerce clause gave the national government has the authority to control all areas of economic activity in the United States.

“Architect of the American constitutional system.”
John Marshall “Architect of the American constitutional system.”

Until John Marshall became the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Court was seen as having little power, with almost no influence over the other two branches. President Congress Supreme Court

In a series of brilliant decisions from , Marshall almost single-handedly gave new power to the Supreme Court.

Marshall established three basic principles that became the foundation of the federal union.
1. The principle of judicial review gave the Supreme Court power to determine if a law was unconstitutional.

2. The Supreme Court had the power to set aside laws of state legislatures when these laws were contrary to the federal Constitution. 3. The Supreme Court had the power to reverse the decisions of state courts.

Marshall argued that it is necessary for those interpreting and living under the Constitution to treat it as a “living” document that can be accommodated to the changing needs of the American people=”Loose construction” .

STUDENTS COMPLETE 15 Questions Gallery Walk (pink copies)

UNIT 4 A New Nation Part 1-George Washington Part 2-John Adams

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