1. Cells Cell Structure and Function Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Cell Growth and Division

2. Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 7)

3. Life is Cellular How did the Cell Theory develop?
Cell Theory Guided Reading activity
Know the contributions of the following scientists:
Robert Hooke (1665)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
Theodor Schwann (1839)
Rudolph Virchow (1855)
Janet Plowe (1931)
Lynn Margulis (1970)

4. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Use my website to determine the major differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

5. Cell Structures
Use the webquest on animal and plant cell organelles and their functions as notes for this section.
Go to my website, click on links, then click on “cells alive!”
Or go to for more information!

6. The Compound Microscope
Review the microscope lab activity as notes for this section!
Know the parts of the microscope and be able to accurately label a microscope diagram!
Know how to make a wet mount slide!

7. Cellular Diversity Protists: Animal and Plant Cells:
Webquest on “What are Protists?”
Protista lab activity
Animal and Plant Cells:
Observing Animal and Plant Cells lab activity

8. Protist Lab Video Clips
Paramecium:
Euglena:
Amoeba:

9. Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms
Use the Levels of Organization webquest as notes for this section.

10. Structure and Function
20 minute research activity:
Choose a cell type and research how it’s structure helps it function.

11. Cells performing the same function often are similar in shape
Question: “How does the cell shape affect it’s function/allow it to function?”
Choose from one of these cell types:
Neuron
Red Blood Cell
Cheek Epithelial Cell
Product Ideas:
PowerPoint, Poster, graphic organizer, song, interpretive dance, model, acrostic poem, concept map

12. Neuron

13. Cheek Epithelial Cell

14. Red Blood Cell

15. Neuron Notes…

16. Cheek Epithelial Cell Notes…

17. Red Blood Cell Notes…

18. Homeostasis in the Human Body
Use the Homeostasis in the Human Body Webquest as notes for this section.

19. Structure and Function “Fluid Mosaic Model”
The Cell Membrane
Structure and Function
“Fluid Mosaic Model”

20. The Cell Membrane Regulates what enters and leaves
Provides protection and support
Made up of:
Phospholipids (“lipid bilayer”)
Integral and Peripheral Proteins
Carbohydrate chains (glycoproteins)
Cholesterol

21. Cell membrane structure

22. Where are they found? Found in: Nucleus Cell membrane Golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
mitochondria
(basically any membrane bound organelle!)

23. Structure Lipid bilayer is made of the following: 2 types of proteins:
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
3 types of lipids:
Membrane Phospholipids
Membrane glycolipids
Cholesterol

24. Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins (or integral proteins)
Amphipathic = hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

25. Peripheral proteins Peripheral proteins
linked at the cytoplasmic surface (by attachment to a fatty acid chain)
linked at the external cell surface (attached by an oligosaccharide)
may be bound to other membrane proteins

26. Membrane Phospholipids
These have a polar head group and two hydrocarbon tails
It is connected by glycerol to two fatty acid tails
One of the tails is a straight chain fatty acid (saturated). The other has a kink in the tail (unsaturated).

29. Membrane glycolipids Glycolipids are also a constituent of membranes.
These components of the membrane may be protective, insulators, and sites of receptor binding.

30. Cholesterol
The amount of cholesterol may vary with the type of membrane.
Plasma membranes have nearly one cholesterol per phospholipid molecule.
Other membranes (like those around bacteria) have no cholesterol

31. Cholesterol (continued)
Function:
This makes the lipid bilayer less deformable
Without cholesterol (such as in a bacterium) a cell would need a cell wall.
Also keeps the cell membrane from becoming too stiff.

32. Fluid Mosaic Model
Based on what you know about the structure and function of the cell membrane what does the fluid mosaic model mean?

33. Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport Molecular Workbench Activity
Complete this online and use your analysis packets as additional notes.
We will be completing this in class!

34. Movement Through the Membrane
Materials can move through the membrane by:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
NO ENERGY (ATP) REQUIRED
[high]  [low]
ENERGY (ATP) REQUIRED
[low]  [high]

35. Diffusion Requires no energy (ATP)
Moves from an area of High concentration  low concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Dynamic equilibrium activity

36. Osmosis A type of diffusion (no energy needed)
Allows water molecules to pass easily through the selectively permeable membrane.
Solution = solute + solvent
Solute = sugar (or another dissolved substance)…CANNOT go through the membrane
Solvent = water…CAN go through the membrane

37. Osmosis ONLY water moves The solute stays put on one side or the other
Water moves back and forth according to the concentration of water on each side of the membrane

38. Osmotic Pressure Isotonic solutions Hypotonic solutions
The 2 solutions have equal concentrations of solute and solvent.
Hypotonic solutions
One solution has less solute and more water compared to the other solution.
Hypertonic solutions
One solution has more solute and less water compared to the other solution.

39. What would happen? What would happen if…
You placed a selectively permeable membrane “bag” with a hypotonic solution into a beaker with a hypertonic solution?
Which way would the water flow?
What would happen to the bag?
What would happen to the beaker?
How do you know?
How could you test this?

40. Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion with the help of transport proteins
No energy required

41. Active Transport Cell uses energy
Actively moves molecules to where they are needed
Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
3 MAIN TYPES:
Protein pumps
Endocytosis (BULK TRANSPORT)
Exocytosis (BULK TRANSPORT)

42. Types of Active Transport
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work
Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

43. Types of Active Transport
2. Endocytosis: taking bulky material into a cell
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
“cell eating”
Forms food vacuole & digests food
This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!

44. Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk
membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane
Cell changes shape – requires energy
EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell

45. Photosynthesis

46. Energy and Life Energy = ability to do work
Source of energy on Earth = sun
Autotrophs  use light energy from the sun (or other sources) to make food.
Heterotrophs obtain energy from foods consumed.
Energy comes in many forms
Light, heat, and electricity

47. ATP  “like a fully charged battery”
One of the principle chemical compounds that is used to store energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

48. ADP  “like a ½ charged battery”
When energy is released from ATP  converts to ADP and a phosphate group

50. Using Biochemical Energy
Cells use this energy for:
Mechanical work, chemical work, transport work
Basically, all cellular processes
ATP in cells = good for only a few seconds of activity (not efficient storage)
1 molecule of glucose stores more than 90x’s the chemical energy of ATP
Cells can generate ATP as needed from the glucose in carbohydrates consumed during feeding

51. Investigating Photosynthesis
Jan van Helmont
Concludes plants gain most of their mass from water
Joseph Priestly
Concludes that plants release a substance that keeps a candle burning (oxygen)
Jan Ingenhousz
Concludes that plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark (they need sunlight).

52. Photosynthesis Equation

53. Light and Pigments Photosynthesis requires: Light
From sunlight (A mixture of different wavelengths of light)
Chlorophyll (a pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy)
2 main types:
Chlorophyll a (absorbs violet and red light)
Chlorophyll b (absorbs blue and red light)

55. Structure of a Chloroplast

56. NADPH
When sunlight hits chlorophyll a double bond is broken releasing a high energy electron.
This high energy electron requires a special carrier called NADP+.
Once the electron is combined with NADP+ it becomes NADPH.
NADPH carries this energy to other reactions around the cell.

57. Light-Dependent Reactions
Use energy from sunlight to produce Oxygen, ATP and NADPH.
Photosystem II is the first to absorb light (discovered after photosystem I)
Light smashes high energy electrons out of the chlorophyll molecules which are carried to electron transport chains in the thylakoid membrane.
The lost electrons from the chlorophyll molecule are replaced by breaking water molecules apart which releases oxygen.

58. Light-Dependent Reactions (Continued)
High energy electrons move from Photosystem II to photosystem I.
Energy from this transport pumps H+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid.
Pigments in photosystem I use sunlight to release additional high energy electrons and a H+ ion  becomes NADPH
Inside of thylakoid membrane becomes positively charged (from the H+ ions)/outside  negatively charged
Charge difference allows ATP to be made.

59. Light-Dependent Reactions (Continued)
ATP formation=
H+ ions move through a protein called ATP synthase.
As it rotates the protein binds ADP with an additional phosphate to create ATP!

61. The Calvin Cycle: OR the light-independent reactions
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are required to produce high-energy sugars.
Step 1: CO2 enters the cycle and is combined with 6 5-Carbon molecules forms 12 3-Carbon molecules
Step 2: Energy from ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 12 3-Carbon molecules into higher-energy forms

62. The Calvin Cycle: OR the light-independent reactions
Step 3: 2 3-Carbon molecules are used to make a 6-Carbon sugar (glucose!)
Step 4: The 10 remaining 3-Carbon molecules are converted back into 6 5-carbon molecules
These are reused in the next cycle!!!

64. Factors affecting photosynthesis
Availability of Water
Shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis
Temperature
Plants function best between 0°C and 35°C (temperatures above or below may damage enzymes and slow or stop photosynthesis)
Intensity of light
Increasing intensity increases rate of photosynthesis until maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached.

65. Photosynthesis Molecular Workbench
We will be completing this online together…Use your analysis packets as additional notes.
We will be completing this in class!

66. Cellular Respiration

67. Chemical Pathways Energy in food:
Calorie = amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 g of water 1°C
Gradually release energy from glucose and other food compounds
2 Pathway for energy release
Aerobic (O2 present)
Anaerobic (in the absence of O2)

68. Cellular Respiration Overview
Oxygen + glucose  carbon dioxide water +energy
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2+ 6H2O ATP
3 main stages:
Glycolysis
The Krebs cycle (or “citric acid cycle”)
Electron Transport Chain (or “oxidative phosphorylation”)

69. Glycolysis (glyco- = sweet; lysis = breaking)
Occurs in the cytoplasm near the mitochondion
No oxygen is required for glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose (6C) is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C) (pyruvate)
Needs to use 2 ATP to get started
Generates 4 ATP at the end
Net ATP total = 2 ATP
Produces 4 molecules of NADH (high energy electron carrier)  transports to other reaction sites

70. What happens if there is no oxygen?
Fermentation!
Cells convert NADH back into NAD+ by passing electrons back to pyruvate
Allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP (not efficient)
2 main types:
Alcoholic Fermentation (bacteria and yeast)
Lactic Acid Fermentation (humans)

71. Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeasts and bacteria
Beer, wine, and bread production
Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol CO2 +NAD+
In bread:
CO2 makes the bread rise
Alcohol is baked off

72. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to generate ATP
Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid NAD+
Produced in the muscles when there is not enough O2 causing burning/pain
Example: Wall sit of death

73. What if there is oxygen present after glycolysis?
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain!!!
Most powerful electron acceptor = oxygen!!!
Uses the remaining 90% of energy still trapped in the glucose molecule after glycolysis!

74. The Krebs Cycle Step # 1: Pyruvic acid enters the mitochodrion
A carbon is removed forming CO2 and electrons are removed forming NADH
CO2 is combined with coenzyme A and is transformed into acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA adds a 2-C acetyl group to a 4C compound forming citric acid.

75. The Krebs Cycle (continued)
Step # 2:
Citric acid is broken down into a 5C compound then a 4C compound
2 molecules of CO2 are released, electrons form NADH and FADH2, and 1 ATP is generated
From one molecule of pyruvic acid=
4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
But remember 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are made from each molecule of glucose!!! (so this process happens twice)

78. Electron Transport
The high energy electrons in FADH2 and NADH from the Kreb’s cycle
Are transported to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
In prokaryotes  ETC is in the cell membrane
The ETC uses the high energy electrons to make ATP

79. Electron Transport (continued)
High energy electrons are passed to a series of carrier proteins in the membrane
As electrons move to each carrier, H+ ions are moved to the inner membrane space
These will be used later to generate ATP via ATP synthase
At the end  an enzyme that combines the electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water

80. Energy Totals Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP
Uses 38% of the total energy of a molecule of glucose
The rest is released as heat (body heat!)
More efficient than a gasoline car engine
We are an efficient combustion engine!!!
Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP

81. Energy and Exercise Quick energy  (a sprint)
ATP is short-lived and is used right away
Stored ATP  used in a few seconds of intense activity
Then, ATP is generated via lactic acid fermentation

82. Energy and Exercise Long-term energy  (marathon)
For exercise longer than 90 seconds  cellular respiration is the only way to generate enough ATP to sustain activity.
Stored energy = glycogen (breaks down into glucose and is stored in muscles)
Lasts only about minutes
Once glycogen is depleted  body uses fat stores (good for weight loss!)

83. Linking to Homeostasis
Rate of Cellular Respiration Inquiry (RITES lab using BIOPACS)
Heart Rate Monitor
Design an experiment to test the rate of cellular respiration
How does cellular respiration work to maintain homeostasis in the human body?
Include body systems in your response.

84. Comparing Cellular Respiration to Photosynthesis
Generate a chart comparing the following:
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation

85. Cellular Respiration Molecular Workbench
Complete this online and use your analysis packets as additional notes.
We will be completing this in class!
TedX talk –Discovering ancient climates in oceans and ice: Rob Dunbar on TED.com

86. Cell Growth and Division

87. Limits to Cell Size Activity
Draw an example of a town with the borders being the edges of the paper
There is one main road into and out of the town.
Think of a cell and the parts needed to run the cell.
Recreate these parts as parts of a town
Don’t forget: nutrients (food trucks) and waste (dump trucks)

88. Limits to Cell Size Activity
Increase the Population by THREE TIMES
What does this do to the demands put on the town?:
What does this do to the Traffic?
What does this do to the Waste and Nutrients?
What does this do to the Resources needed to thrive?
What does this do to the people who run the town?

89. Limits to Cell Size Activity
Based on the activity…
What are the 2 limits to cell size?
What happens when a cell becomes too big?

90. Cell Growth 2 limits to cell size =
The larger the cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA
The cell has difficulty moving nutrients and waste across the membrane
Thus the size of a cell is limited
As the length of a cell increases…
Volume increases faster than its surface area

91. What happens when a cell gets too big?
IT DIVIDES!!!
Cell division
1 cell  2 daughter cells (exact copies of the original)
Prokaryotes  easy
Circular DNA  copies then divides
Eukaryotes  more involved
Complex DNA (23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total)

92. The Cell Cycle
Average time =
16 – 20 hours

93. G1 Phase Cell Growth Intense growth and activity Increases in size
Synthesizes new proteins and organelles

94. The Cell Cycle

95. S Phase DNA Synthesis Creates a duplicate set of chromosomes
G0 (or R on diagram) = Point of no return

96. Chromosome Structure
“supercoils”

97. Human Chromosomes (Karyotype)

98. The Cell Cycle

99. G2 Phase Preparation for Mitosis
Shortest of the 3 phases of interphase (G1, S, and Gs)
Organelles and proteins needed for cell division are produced.

100. The Cell Cycle

101. Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

102. Prophase Chromosomes condense (“appear”) Nuclear envelope dissolves
Centrioles move to opposite sides (poles) of the cell

104. Metaphase
Centrioles send out spindle fibers that attach to the chromosomes
Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell

106. Anaphase
Chromosomes (sister chromatids) are pulled apart and move to the poles.

108. Telophase/Cytokinesis
Occurs simultaneously
Telophase
The nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes
The chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm divides
2 daughter cells are produced (each are exact copies of the original with 46 chromosomes)

111. What stages are these cells in?

112. Investigating Cell Reproduction
Complete the lab activity
Paper lab

113. GO TO Meiosis PowerPoint

114. Regulating the Cell Cycle

115. Controls on Cell Division
Cell growth and division can be turned on and off
Example
Cells in a petri dish will continue to grow until they come in contact with other cells.
A cut in the skin will cause cells to divide until the wound in healed.

117. Cell Cycle Regulators Cyclin Internal Regulators
Protein that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
When injected into a non-dividing cell it causes a mitotic spindle to form
Internal Regulators
Responds to events inside the cell
Makes sure that a cell does not enter mitosis until all chromosomes are replicated

118. Cell Cycle Regulators (cont.)
External Regulators
Respond to events outside the cell
“Growth factors” that speed up or slow down growth and division

119. Uncontrolled Cell Growth
CANCER –
Cells that lose the ability to control cell growth
Most cancers have damage to the p53 gene
Normally halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes are replicated
Chromosome damage builds up and the cancer cell loses the information that controls normal cell growth
Tumors  masses of cells that can damage the surrounding tissue
CAUSES: smoking tobacco, radiation exposure (UV, XRAY, etc.), viral infection

120. Life Spans of Various Human Cells
Cell Type
Life Span
Cell Division
Lining of esophagus
2-3 days
Can divide
Lining of small intestine
1-2 days
Lining of large intestine
6 days
Red blood cell
Less than 120 days
Cannot divide
White blood cell
10 hours to decades
Smooth muscle
Long-lived
Cardiac (heart) muscle
Skeletal muscle
Neuron (nerve cell)
Most do not divide

121. Life Spans of Human Cell Questions
White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease-producing organisms. How might their function relate to their life span?
If cancer cells were added to the table, predict what would be written under the “Life Span” and “Cell Division” columns. Explain you’re the reasoning behind your predictions.