1. CH.1: THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY
THE BASICS PEOPLE!!!

2. What do human geographers do?
…..they ask two main questions:
Where are things/people?
Why are they there?

3. We will define geography as…
-The study of where people/things are found on Earth’s surface and the reasons for their location
GEOGRAPHY human physical

4. How do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?
ISSUE #1
How do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?

5. Storing Reference Material Communicating geographic information
MAPS
Storing Reference Material
Communicating geographic information

6. SCALE…. Represented in different ways Ratio (1: 24,000)
Fraction (1/24,000)
Written statement (1” equals 24,000 miles)
Bar scale (p.10 in text)

7. SCALE cont… SMALL SCALE LARGE SCALE
Represents smaller detail of a large area (p. 10 in text)
Ex. 1:10,000,000 is a smaller scale map (it represents a huge area but the ratio is a smaller number, not much detail)
Represents larger detail of a smaller area (p. 10 in text)
Ex. 1:10,000 is a larger scale map (it represents a smaller area but the ratio is a larger number, there is more detail)

8. Small Scale Objects appear smaller Large Scale Objects appear larger

9. PROJECTION…
…. Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map

10. PROJECTION PROBLEMS Maps show: Shape Distance Size Direction But………………
.....no map can accurately depict all 4 at once on the same map - For ex. A map might show true directions and shapes but distorts size (Mercator, compare maps on pp.6 & 19)
West Wing Video

11. Types of Map Projection

12. Mercator Projection

13. Mercator Projection Mercator Distorts: Shape Distance Relative Size
Was designed for navigation purposes
(for which it is VERY effective)
Has been criticized for cultural bias because the less-developed world is portrayed much smaller than it truly is

14. Gall-Peters Projection

15. Gall-Peters Projection
Gall-Peters Distorts:
Shape
Distance
Projection is “Equal Area”
-countries are in correct proportion with each other
Claimed to eliminate the “cultural bias” of the Mercator Projection

16. Robinson Projection

17. Robinson Projection Robinson Distorts: Shape Distance Relative Size
Direction (at edges)
Distortion is minimal at the center of the map but increases at poles and edges
Seen as a compromise to create an appealing view of the entire Earth

18. Goode’s Projection

19. Goode’s Projection Goode’s Distorts: Distance
Often called the “Orange-Peel Map”
Shows the surface of the Earth in relative size, but distance and direction are greatly distorted

20. The only way to avoid distortion…

21. Why is Each Point on Earth Unique?
ISSUE #2
Why is Each Point on Earth Unique?

22. 4 Ways Geographers Identify Location
TOPONYM
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION (lat/long)
SITUATION

23. TOPONYM The name given to a place on Earth Ex. Philadelphia
Sometimes it can tell you
about the place
ex. San Francisco….?

24. SITE The physical characteristics of a place
Site characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation…

25. SITUATION Location of a place relative to other places
Ex. John’s Pizza is located across the street from the movie theater
Situation helps us:
Find a location
Understand the importance of a location

26. MATHEMATICAL LOCATION
Latitude and Longitude, no explanation needed

27. REGION
Areas, not specific points, that can be categorized according to various characteristics, a concept known as…
Cultural landscape (know definition)

28. TYPES OF REGIONS Formal Functional Vernacular
*** make sure you know the definition and examples of each!!!

29. Formal Region
Everybody shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Exs. Pennsylvania (political), Middle East (religious), North American wheat belt (economic/agricultural), voting areas within the U.S.

30. Functional Region area organized around a node or focal point
Diminishes as you move away from the node
Exs. Television station, newspaper circulation, shopping mall
How is technology affecting functional regions????

31. Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.

32. Vernacular Region
a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity (more informal)
Exs. High school campus, home state, your house, the “South” (a combination of features)

33. Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of features are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.

34. SPATIAL ASSOCIATION
Geographers try to identify certain factors (cultural, economic, environmental...)
Factors that have similar distribution have spatial association
Ex. On a national level, regions in the east may have higher cancer rates due to the spatial association between cancer rates and the distribution/location of factories

35. Spatial Association at Various Scales
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the US, Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.

36. Cancer Death Rates in the U.S.

37. Cancer Death Rates in Maryland

38. Cancer Death Rates in Baltimore

39. (what makes up American culture?)
CULTURE (body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people)
Major tool used by geographers to explain uniqueness of a region
Culture
Intellectual Popular
(what makes up American culture?)

40. TYPES OF REGIONS/COUNTRIES
MORE DEVELOPED
LESS DEVELOPED
Know the characteristics and examples
(p. 25)
Know the characteristics and examples
(p.25)

41. MORE DEVELOPED vs. LESS DEVELOPED REVIEW
2 Regions that are MD
2. Regions that are LD
3. Possession of wealth and material goods (is this MD or LD?)
shared characteristics of a MD region
5. Most people are engaged in agriculture (is this MD or LD?)

42. MORE DEVELOPED vs. LESS DEVELOPED
2Regions that are MD North America, Europe, Japan
2. Regions that are LD sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America
3. Possession of wealth and material goods MD
4. 3 shared characteristics of a that distinguish a region per capita income, literacy rates, televisions per capita, hospital beds per capita…
5. Most people are engaged in agriculture LD

43. What does this map represent?
Try to list the blue countries in your notes.
You may work together.

44. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

46. The number of planets needed to sustain specific countries at different levels of current consumption.

47. How to Compare Developed vs. Developing
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
GDP per capita
Life Expectancy/Healthcare
Education/Literacy Rate
Agricultural System (Subsistence or Commercial?)
Rural vs. Urban
Poverty
Communications/Infrastructure
And many more!

48. CULTURAL ECOLOGY
The geographic study of human-environment relationships
- how people interact with the environment
Different cultures modify the environment in different ways, producing different regions

49. LIST 5 WAYS…. Humans impact/modify the environment
The environment impacts humans

53. The World - Dubai

54. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM
how the physical environment
causes social development
Positives and negatives
about ED????

55. MODERN GEOGRAPHERS & ED
They prefer Possibilism
Environment limits, but people can adjust to it ED
Stinks!! ED

56. POSSIBILISM MEANS THAT HUMANS NOT ONLY ADAPT TO, BUT ALSO CHANGE, THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS CAN BE GOOD OR BAD……………especially with modern technology

57. PHYSICAL PROCESSES
Geographers need to be aware of these in order to understand the distribution of human activities and their impact on the environment
Why people live where they do or how they make a living depends on these processes/forces
What are these processes?
Climate
Vegetation
Soil
Landforms
- pp.26-28

58. World Climate Regions
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.

59. Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.

60. Environmental Modification in Florida
Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.

61. C-38 Canal Florida
The canal has carried water with agricultural runoff and pollution into Lake Okeechobee

62. Why are Different Places Similar?
ISSUE #3
Why are Different Places Similar?

63. S C A L E
SPACE
CONNECTIONS

64. SCALE Local level shows unique features
Stores, housing, hospitals
At the global level shows broad patterns
Where is rapid population growth?
Where followers of different religions live
It helps explain globalization (important!!!!!)
(the “scale” of the world is shrinking)

65. Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

66. Globalization of Culture
Positives? Negatives?

67. SPACE: DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES
an action at one point in space can result from something happening at another point in space, which can affect conditions in other places

68. DISTRIBUTION (the arrangement of a feature in space)
Students in GVHS are distributed (arranged) in classrooms….look at the following for our room:
Density – frequency with which something occurs
b. Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space (clustered or dispersed)
c. Pattern – geometric arrangement of objects in space

69. Key aspects of Distribution are: Density, Concentration, & Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.

70. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

71. U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952
Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.

72. U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007
Fig. 1-19: By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and their number and density at a national level had increased.

73. 1. What three things do geographers use to explain why different places are similar?
Which scale is more helpful in identifying global patterns, small or large? Why?

74. 1. What three things do geographers use to explain why different places are similar? (scale, space, connections)
2. Which scale is more helpful in identifying global patterns, small or large? Why? (small, see global patterns)

75. CONNECTIONS
More rapid connections have reduced the distance across space between places
Space-Time Compression describes this reduction in time to reach other places
SPACE
TIME

76. = Rapid Change
SPACE
TIME

77. New technologies like email, phones, planes, television…
New technologies like , phones, planes, television….make people far away connected and aware of same cultural beliefs (geographers call this Spatial Interaction)
These technologies affect space time compression

78. Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962
- Go to p.36
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

79. Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

80. DIFFUSION This has all led to an increase in diffusion
The process by which a characteristic spreads from one place to another
Hearth?

81. (know all 3 types – Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus)
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
RELOCATION
EXPANSION
(know all 3 types – Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus)
Spread by people moving
Spread by snowballing process

82. WHICH TYPE OF DIFFUSION IS IT?
A rumor is started on the “web” that Michael Jackson is still alive and within 1 week most people believe it and spread the idea.
The president begins to use a term that quickly becomes part of the every day language of the American people
The invention of velcro by a shoe company that goes out of business but the idea of velcro continues to spread.

83. WHICH TYPE OF DIFFUSION IS IT?
A rumor is started on the “web” that Michael Jackson is still alive and within 1 week most people believe it and spread the idea.
- Contagious
The president begins to use a term that quickly becomes part of the every day language of the American people
- Hierarchical
The invention of velcro by a shoe company that goes out of business but the idea of velcro continues to spread.
- Stimulus

84. AIDS Diffusion in the US, 1981-2002
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

85. New AIDS Cases, 1981 (per 100,000 population)

86. New AIDS Cases, 1993 (per 100,000 population)

87. New AIDS Cases, 2002 (per 100,000 population)

88. Cumulative AIDS Cases, 1981-2002

89. The AIDS Memorial Quilt

90. Chapter 01: Review

91. 01.01 Which map would have the largest scale?
1. country
2. continent
3. state
4. city
5. world

92. 01.01 Which map would have the largest scale?
1. country
2. continent
3. state
4. city
5. world

93. 01.02 A place’s location relative to other objects or places is called its
1. Absolute location
2. Situation
3. Site
4. Dimension

94. 01.02 A place’s location relative to other objects or places is called its
1. Absolute location
2. Situation
3. Site
4. Dimension

95. 01.03 An object at 90 degrees north latitude is
1. At the North Pole
2. On the equator
3. At the Tropic of Cancer
4. At the Tropic of Capricorn
5. Closer to Australia than to Europe

96. 01.03 An object at 90 degrees north latitude is
1. At the North Pole
2. On the equator
3. At the Tropic of Cancer
4. At the Tropic of Capricorn
5. Closer to Australia than to Europe

98. 01.04 This climate is not found in the continental United States:
1. Humid subtropical
2. Humid continental
3. Humid tropical
4. Mediterranean
5. Marine west coast

99. 01.04 This climate is not found in the continental United States:
1. Humid subtropical
2. Humid continental
3. Humid tropical
4. Mediterranean
5. Marine west coast

101. 01.05 The International Date Line is approximately ___ degrees from the Prime Meridian.
1. 0
2. 45
3. 90
4. 180
5. 360

102. 01.05 The International Date Line is approximately ___ degrees from the Prime Meridian.
1. 0
2. 45
3. 90
4. 180
5. 360

103. 01.06 An area (think larger rather than smaller) with one or more unique and distinguishing characteristics is called a:
1. Locality
2. Situation
3. Site
4. Location
5. Region

104. 01.06 An area with one or more unique and distinguishing characteristics is called a:
1. Locality
2. Situation
3. Site
4. Location
5. Region

105. 01.07 The movement of money from one country to another and one currency to another has primarily been facilitated by
1. The leadership of the United States
2. Advances in electronic communications
3. The World Trade Organization
4. Transnational corporations
5. Global agreements brokered by the United Nations

106. 01.07 The movement of money from one country to another and one currency to another has primarily been facilitated by
1. The leadership of the United States
2. Advances in electronic communications
3. The World Trade Organization
4. Transnational corporations
5. Global agreements brokered by the United Nations

107. 01.08 Globalization 1. Decreases consumer preferences
2. Promotes the maintenance of traditional cultures
3. Benefits some countries more than others
4. Decreases communication across borders
5. Is tightly controlled by the United States

108. 01.08 Globalization 1. Decreases consumer preferences
2. Promotes the maintenance of traditional cultures
3. Benefits some countries more than others
4. Decreases communication across borders
5. Is tightly controlled by the United States

109. 01.09 The frequency an object appears in a given area is its
1. Distribution
2. Density
3. Relative location
4. Dispersion
5. Diffusion

110. 01.09 The frequency an object appears in a given area is its
1. Distribution
2. Density
3. Relative location
4. Dispersion
5. Diffusion

111. 01.10 That the physical environment causes social development is the core concept of
1. Cultural relativism
2. Possibilism
3. Cultural ecology
4. Environmental determinism
5. Stimulus diffusion

112. 01.10 That the physical environment causes social development is the core concept of
1. Cultural relativism
2. Possibilism
3. Cultural ecology
4. Environmental determinism
5. Stimulus diffusion