1. Jefferson’s Presidency
Chapter 9

2. Jefferson’s Presidency
Key Topics:
The development of America’s economy in a world of warring great powers.
The role of Jefferson’s presidency and his agrarian republicanism in forging a national identity.
The ending of colonial dependency by the divisive War of 1812.
The nationalizing force of westward expansion.

3. European colonies in the Early 19th Century
Spain: challenged in its efforts to control New Spain & the Caribbean.
Britain: The gov’t of Canada reflected lessons learned in the colonies.
Russia: Rapidly expanding presence centered on Alaska and the Northwest.

4. What were the most important strengths of the American economy in the early 1800s?
A National Economy

5. The National Economy 1800s Predominantly rural
94%of Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2,500 people
Crops were grown for home rather than for sale
A developing country of raw materials

6. The National Economy
Cotton was the US’s biggest export and dominated the South and US trade.
The invention of the cotton by Eli Whitney only increased the desire to sell more cotton and buy more slaves.
The Industrial Revolution in England increased the demand for cotton.
Trade with Britain and France had declined since the Revolution & America was intentionally kept out of the West Indian trade market.
It was difficult for the US to become an independent trade partner in a world already dominated by world powers.

7. The National Economy
Despite economic problems in the 1790s, the American shipping industry boomed. It stimulated growth in coastal cities due to expanding work opportunities. As a result, it increased food production on farms.
Expanding Foreign Trade- The US began trading with China,. The US began to build bigger and faster ships to move more goods to China. The Clipper was the best ship during the era.

8. The National Economy
New ships like the Clipper Ship cut the sailing time in half. With the increase in the shipping business, there was also an increase in immigration.

9. The National Economy
Growth of Trade-
French Revolution led to renewed period of sea warfare between the British and French.
Also, US merchants supplied both sides.
US shipbuilding and growth of cities increased.

10. The Jefferson Presidency
America’s 3rd President. Served
Presidency marked a peaceful transition from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans.
Term lacked political bitterness and rivalries that marked plagued the 1st two presidencies.
Jefferson demonstrated that a strongly led party system could shape national policy without leading to dictatorship or revolt.
Began the Virginia Dynasty (James Madison ), (James Monroe )

11. The Jefferson Presidency
Republican Agrarianism- Jefferson’s idea of a nation included:
Small farms in rural communities
Independent farmers would promote the common good
Expansion into the West
Jefferson was greatly influenced by Thomas Malthus, who warned against population growth and poverty. Jefferson didn’t view this as a problem due to the ability to expand our borders.
He wanted to create a “Republic of Virtue.”

12. Jefferson’s Presidency- Government
Cut all taxes
Reduced the size of the army & navy
Cut government staff
Tried to eliminate the national debt

13. Jefferson’s judiciary-Marbury v. Madison
In one of his last actions, Adams appointed Federalists , known as the “Midnight Judges”, to the positions of judges and other positions in the judiciary.
Jefferson refused to recognize Adam’s judges and instructed James Madison, his Secretary of State, not to deliver their commissions. William Marbury, Adam’s choice for Justice of the Peace for D.C. led the filed suit against Madison.
The case Marbury v. Madison became a landmark case for the Supreme Court and established the power of judicial review.

14. Jefferson’s judiciary
James Madison
William Marbury

15. Jefferson’s Judiciary- Marbury v. Madison
The question, “ Was the judiciary independent of politics?” was the main issue.
In 1803, Chief Justice delivered the decision: The courts had the responsibility “to say what the law is” BUT also the S.C wasn’t empowered by the
Constitution to force the executive branch to give Marbury his commission.
The ruling established the idea that ONLY the federal judiciary could determine what was constitutional.
The decision made the court a nationalizing force.

16. The Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, Jefferson’s representatives bought the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Napoleon needed the money to finance his European wars.

17. The Jefferson Presidency
The acquisition doubled the size of the US and it was the largest peaceful acquisition of territory in US History.

18. Louisiana Purchase
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first to survey & document nature and the rich environment of the territory. The expedition began in St. Louis & ended at the Pacific Ocean in Oregon.

19. Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America
What contradictions in American Indian policy did the confrontations between Tecumseh’s alliance and soldiers in the Old Northwest reveal? Can you suggest any solutions to these contradictions?
Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America

20. Renewed Rivalries in North America
Jefferson insisted the US have neutral rights to trade goods in Europe. US ships got caught in the middle of British & French warfare in the open seas & British soldiers began to desert their posts and join American crews. Britain began impressing Americans.
Americans protested British interference and the kidnapping and deaths of American soldiers. As a result, Jefferson imposed the Embargo Act.

21. The Embargo Act
Exports fell from $108 million in 1807 to $22 million in 1808.
Smuggling and illegal trading increased.
New England merchants were hit the hardest.
The policy of “peaceable coercion” was a failure.
It had little effect on Br. & Fr.
1807- Forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports.
Intended to force Britain & France to recognize neutral rights.
The act was an economic disaster for the US.

22. Native American Relations
Jefferson’s policy toward Native Americans included acculturation, removal or extinction. Jefferson could not stop westward expansion. In response, natives formed the Pan- Indian Military Resistance Movement, which called for political and cultural
Unification of the tribes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Native Resistance was a major cause of the War of

23. What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812?

24. War of 1812 Causes Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Orders of Council
Embargo Act 1807
Non-Intercourse Act 1809
Tecumseh’s War
War Hawks
Monroe- Pinckney Treaty

25. War of 1812
Battle of New Orleans-A decisive American victory over the British in that ended any British hopes of gaining control over the Mississippi River. Andrew Jackson led the American troops.

26. War of 1812 Hartford Convention Treaty of Ghent
New England states threatened to secede from the Union due to the economic devastation caused by the Embargo Act. At the Hartford Convention, the threat was ignored as Britain announced peace.
The British agreed to leave the Western forts but nothing was settled on impressment or neutral rights. The British abandonment of native tribes sealed their fate of extinction, acculturation, & evacuation.

27. War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent-
The biggest impact of the war was on national morale. It forced the British to stop treating America as a colony and convinced Americans they were independent & strong.

28. The Era of good feelings1817-25
It is called the Era of Good Feelings because the Federalist Party disappeared which enabled the Republicans to govern in a peaceful and nonpartisan way.
After the end of the War of 1812, Americans focused on expansion and national development. In 1816, the last of the Virginia Dynasty, James Monroe was elected President.

29. Era of Good Feelings
The American System- A program of economic development promoted by House Speaker Henry Clay.
Included:
Second Bank of the United States

30. Era of good feelings

31. Era of Good Feelings

32. Panic of 1819