1. Migrations of Homo sapiens “Peopling of the Earth”
Siberia
40,000 years ago
Europe
40,000 years ago
North America
12,000-30,000
years ago
Southwest Asia
100,000 years ago
Oceania
1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
Human Origins
200, ,000
years ago
Australia
as many as 60,000
years ago
Chile
12, ,000
years ago
Possible coastal routes of human migration
Possible landward routes of human migration
Migrations in Oceania

2. How did geography shape the migration?

3. How did the Austronesian migration differ from other early patterns of human movement?

5. The people who lived in this seaside camp:
Remains discovered at Blombos Cave are one example of the more complex culture some humans were developing as many as 90,000 years ago.
View looking out of Blombos Cave to the Indian Ocean
The people who lived in this seaside camp:
Made sharp stone spear points using methods that appeared in Eurasia only 50,000 or more years later.
Made objects from bone, the earliest use of this material known.
Scored bits of bone and ochre with marks that may have had symbolic meaning.
Bone points from the cave
Ochre piece with scrape
marks. A person may have
scraped the ochre to
get powder to use to make
body paint.
Photos: Arizona State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

6. The Neolithic Revolution
Key Concept 1.2

7. Farming changed the way humans lived:
Neolithic Revolution
Farming changed the way humans lived:
Around 8,000 B.C., the Neolithic Revolution occurred & early humans discovered how to farm & domesticate animals
People no longer had to be nomads
Food surpluses led to population increases
Farming villages became established along river valleys for their good soil & irrigation

8. The Neolithic Revolution
(9,000BCE-3,500BCE)
Sometimes termed the
Agricultural Revolution.
Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in Southwest Asia.
Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.
Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurs.

9. One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a
wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :
animals
and plants
which reflects the DOMESTICATION of…
Of the 200,000 plant species only several hundered have been domesticated and just five supply more than half of the calories that sustain life
Only 14 species of large animals have been successfully domesticate4d; sheep, pigs, goats, cattle, horses most important
***Idea to domesticate emerged around 9000 BCE after a cold and dry spell between 11,000 and 9500 BCE, a temporary interruption in global warming which threatened loss of wild plants and animals on which they had come to depend.
Horticulture=hoe-based agriculture 9 9

10. (cultivating domesticated plants),
Crop-growing
(cultivating domesticated plants),
and… 10 10

11. the development of…
FARMING COMMUNITIES 11 11

12. The Neolithic Revolution
To Farm or Not to Farm???

13. Agriculture Slowly Spreads
The Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture Slowly Spreads
High starch diets slowly allow sedentary populations to grow.
Only .1% of plants and animals are edible,
most are indigestible, poisonous, low in nutrition,
tedious to prepare, difficult to gather, or dangerous to hunt.
14 animals and less than .1% of all plants
are domesticable…
First plow invented c.6,000BCE;
crop yields grow exponentially by 4000BCE.
Pop. grows from 5-8 million to million.
Eventually agricultural populations begin to spread out, displacing or assimilating nomadic groups; farming groups grow large enough for advanced social organization.

14. Domestication of Plants and Animals
Farming
Population
Intensification
Surplus Food
Specialization
Complex Society,
also known as
CIVILIZATION
1,000 years ago
Today
Big Eras 4-9
Big Era 2
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3 14 14

15. Agriculture changed how people lived
Agriculture (Farming)
Agricultural Surplus
People Settle & Pop. grows
Growth of towns, then Cities
Division of Labor (Specialization)
Government
Social Stratification & Patriarchy!!
Record Keeping
Cultural Expression
Trade
Characteristics of Civilization

17. Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.

18. Note. 2 Exceptions to river valley pattern

19. Common Characteristics ??
Water!!
River Valley Civilizations (with exception of Americas)
Opportunity to adapt environment
Suitable for domesticated plants/animals
Relatively stable (a bit hot) climate

20. Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
No natural barriers
Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Mesopotamia
Flooding of the Nile predictable
Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
Deserts were natural barriers
Egypt
Indus flooding unpredictable
Monsoon winds
Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
Indus River Valley
Huang He flooding unpredictable
Mountains, deserts natural barriers
Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
China
Mountains and ocean natural barriers
Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall
Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
Mesoamerica & Andes

21. Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.
Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Egypt in the Nile River Valley
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley
Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley
Olmecs in Mesoamerica
Chavín in Andean South America

22. The first states emerged within core civilizations.
Early civilizations based around city-states
Power new states replaced city-states as main political unit.
Rulers were viewed as divine.
Kept power by maintaining a strong military.
Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!

23. Examples of early empires.
Mesopotamia- started as city-states (4000BC)
Priests military leaders
Rulers viewed as representatives of gods
Empires emerged as city-states competed for power/resources.
Akkad ( BCE)
Sargon the Great: Built first empire c BCE.
Babylonian
Hammurabi: King of Babylon c.1792 BCE
Assyrian
Fierce military tactics
Library
*** Why so much conflict in this region (Mesopotamia)?

24. Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]
(2350 BC)

25. Key Civilizations in Mesopotamia
Babylonian Empire ( B.C.)
Most important king was Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code
282 laws that formed the basis of the Babylonian legal system
Different punishments for rich & poor
“Eye for an eye”

26. Egyptian Religion & Politics
Pharaohs (God-Kings)
Considered gods on Earth who ruled over gov’t, religion, & the military
This is known as a theocracy
*Comparison: Mesopotamian kings were representatives of gods, but they themselves were not considered gods

27. Egyptian Religion & Politics
Pyramids
Egyptians believed kings had eternal spirits & Built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs (resting places from which their rulers could reign forever after death)

28. Shang China 1600 BC – 1027 BC Yellow / Huang He River Valley & Yangtze
Mandate of Heaven- power to rule came from heaven
Dynastic cycle linked to
the mandate

29. POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE
Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies”
2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation.
Examples: Iron weapons and chariots
What would the effect be on “settled societies”?

30. Architecture and Urban Planning
Specialization, conquest, and trade promote large building projects.

31. Prevalent in Mesopotamia.
Ziggurats
Prevalent in Mesopotamia.
Usually the most prominent building in the city.
Made of mud bricks.
Dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city.
Priests/Priestesses controlled these structures.

32. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Pyramids & Monuments
Egypt
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

33. Planned Cities: Indus
Mohenjo Daro

34. Promoted by the Elites (Political and Religious)
Arts and Artisanship
Promoted by the Elites
(Political and Religious)

35. Sumerian Religious Sculpture
C BCE
Made of marble.
Roughly 30 inches tall.
This is an example of a “worshipper”.
Humans and gods were thought to be physically present in their statues.

36. Egyptian Wall Paintings
Nebamun Hunting Scene.
C.1400 BCE
Located in his tomb.
Egyptian noble.

37. Systems of Record Keeping
Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”.
Examples:
- cuneiform – Mesopotamia
- hieroglyphs – Egypt
- alphabets – Phoenicia

38. PicturesSymbols Phonetic system
Cuneiform
C BCE in Mesopotamia.
A reed stylus was used to make “wedge-shaped” impressions on clay tablets which were then baked or dried.
PicturesSymbols Phonetic system

39. Legal Codes
States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes.
Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.

40. Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book.
What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?

41. The Vedic religion – Indus River Valley Hebrew monotheism – Palestine
New Religious Beliefs
The Vedic religion – Indus River Valley
Hebrew monotheism – Palestine
Zoroastrianism – Persia
New religious beliefs develop later in the period that in most cases offer a contrast to the “polytheistic” beliefs of early religions.

42. Name comes from the collection of sacred texts called the Vedas.
The Vedic Religions
Religion of Aryans, an Indo-European group (pastoralists), that migrated into the Indus River Valley c.1500 BCE.
Name comes from the collection of sacred texts called the Vedas.
Precursor to Hinduism.

43. Religion in Mesopotamian Hearth
At first polytheistic, gods had human characteristics
Toward the end of the period, Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion similar to Judaism emerged and will be most noted in the next period with the Persian

44. Worship of “one god” is relatively new. Moses and the 10 Commandments.
Hebrew Monotheism
Abraham considered the “Father” of Hebrew monotheism also known as Judaism. c BCE
Worship of “one god” is relatively new.
Moses and the 10 Commandments.
Christianity and Islam have connections to Judaism.

45. Founder was Zoroaster who was born in Persia c. 660 BCE.
Zoroastrianism
Founder was Zoroaster who was born in Persia c. 660 BCE.
Monotheistic: Ahuramazda is the only god.
Dualism –
* Ahuramazda=Good
* Ahriman=Bad
***Man has “free will” to follow who he chooses.

46. TRADE: Regional and Transregional
Trade begins locallyregionaltransregional.
Goods, culture, and technology are all exchanged.
Diffusion- the spread of ideas and goods.

47. Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley
Harappan seals have been found in Mesopotamia which leads us to believe that the 2 regions trade goods.
The Indus Valley had cotton which probably was what sparked trade between the 2 regions.

48. What did they have to offer?
Egypt and Nubia
What did they have to offer?
Egypt: stone dishes, painted boxes, wooden furniture, and paper.
Nubia: ivory, incense and spices

49. Social and Gender Hierarchies
Egypt

50. Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables
Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Caste System
Aryans brought Vedic religious beliefs, the foundation of Hinduism
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables

51. World’s first piece of literature
Literature as a reflection of society.
Epic of Gilgamesh
World’s first piece of literature

52. Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC
Harappan culture
(Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa)
Well planned cities
Grid pattern
Modern plumbing
Built on mud brick platforms
Protected against seasonal floods
Larger cities
Houses built of baked brick
Smaller towns
Houses built of sun-dried mud brick

53. Identify important continuities.
REVIEW
Identify the important changes during this time period. How were early civilizations similar? Different?
Identify important continuities.

54. The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
Key Concept 2.1
The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
(Religious and Cultural Systems Transform)

55. (The Roman Coliseum or Colosseum today)
Religious and political authority often merged so that political rulers could keep power.  Religion and belief systems could also generate conflicts.

56. Monotheism and Judaism 
Further developed with codification of Hebrew Scriptures
Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman empires conquest Jewish States
More about: Assyria, Babylon, and Rome

57. Vedic Religions (Hinduism)
Sanskrit scriptures (epics)
Caste System
Brahma (Hindu god of creation)
Reincarnation

58.   ^ Buddhism spread during the Mauryan Empire
  ^ Confucianism was expanded, all Chinese including rulers recognized it
<- Daoism=balance, influenced the development of Chinese culture (see next slide for examples)

59. Daoism and the Development of Chinese Culture
Moxibustion and acupuncture
Medical theories and practices
Poetry
Metallurgy
Architecture
Dao temple

60. Spread of Christianity, beliefs based on teachings of Jesus Christ
Plato
Core ideas of Greco-Roman philosophy and science began to change their emphasis
Aristotle

61. Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized filial piety (respect for parents and ancestors and bring honor to the parents by respecting others, including women)

62. Shamanism and Animism
Shamanism: a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the "spiritual world".
Animism: the belief that every living thing/object has a soul, such as plants and various other inanimate natural objects

63. Regions Where Ancestor Veneration Persisted
Africa
The Mediterranean
East Asia
The Andean Areas
Ancestor veneration is the belief that those who die still live in other ways and are able to influence the lives of those still alive and of later generations

64. Literature and Drama Greek Plays (Pictures of Greek theaters today)
Tragedies or comedies
Indian Epics: Mahabharata, Ramayana, Upanishads, Rig-Veda...

65. Architecture India Mesoamerica (Chichen Itza) Greece
Aqueduct of Segovia (Roman Empire)

66. "Greco-Buddhism" Synthesis of Hellenistic/Greek cultures and Buddhism
Resulted in development of unique sculptural developments

67. The Development of States and Empires
Key Concept 2.2
The Development of States and Empires
Expanding Boundaries, Policies, Procedures, and Politics

68. Political Unity Imposed
Southwest Asia: Persian Empire
East Asia: Qin and Han Dynasty
South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires ("Ibn Batutta did not see the Gupta!")
Mediterranean Region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic (definition) and Roman Empires
Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Mayan city-states
Andean South America: Moche

69. Persian Empires Achaemenid Parthian Sassanid BBC Video: Part 1 Part 2

70. Regions with Administrative Institutions
Centralized governments
Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies
China
Persia
Rome
South Asia

71. Imperial Governments Project Military Power
Diplomacy
Developing Supply Lines
Building fortifications, roads, and defensive walls
Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from locals or conquered peoples

72. Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies.

73. Cities involved... Centers of trade
Public performances of religious rituals
Political administration for states and empires

74. Cities (continued) Persepolis Chang'an Istanbul ;) Pataliputra Athens
Carthage
Rome
Alexandria
Constantinople
Teotihuacan
Istanbul ;)

75. Hierarchies
The social structures of empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.

76. Methods to Maintain Food Production and Rewards for Loyalty
Slavery
Rents and tributes
Peasant communities
Family and household production
Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.

77. Decline :(
The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.
What are some possible factors of decline for an empire?

78. Environmental Damage Deforestation Desertification Soil erosion
Silted rivers
Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites

79. External Problems
External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions.
Between Han China and the Xiongnu
Between the Gupta and the White Huns
Between the Romans and their northern and eastern neighbors.

80. Multiple Routes, Multiple "Products"
Key Concept 2.3
Increase of Trade
Multiple Routes, Multiple "Products"

81. By Land and Sea Eurasian Silk Roads Trans-Saharan caravan routes
Indian Ocean sea lanes
Mediterranean sea lanes

82. New Technologies Facilitated long-distance communication and exchange.
Permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods across longer routes.
Yokes, Saddles, and Stirrups
Horses, oxen, llamas, camels

83. Innovations in Maritime Technologies
Lateen Sail
Dhow Ships

84. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed across far-flung networks of communication and exchange.

85. Changes in Irrigation and Farming Techniques
The qanat system

86. Spread of Disease Pathogens
Diminished urban populations
Contributed to the decline of:
The Roman Empire
The Chinese Empire

87. Religions and Cultures Spread and Transform
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism

88. Review Activity
Compare methods used for imperial administration for Rome, Han, Gupta, Persia
Compare/Contrast the fall of 2 of the following: Han, Rome, Gupta/Mauryan
Compare and contrast the rise, development and spread of Buddhism and early Christianity.
Compare the Hindu caste system with other systems of inequality in the ancient worlds of Rome, Greece, or China.
Compare/Contrast the effect of Confucianism versus Christianity on poltical developments in China and Rome.
Discuss the political, economic, social, cultural changes and/or continuities in one of the following regions: Mediterranean, East Asia, South Asia