1. Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
Chapter 1
Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability

2. Core Case Study: Living in an Exponential Age
Two kings and a game of chess.
Another analogy: paper folding.
Exponential growth – when a quantity increases by a fixed percentage.
Impact of human exponential growth on
Loss of animal and plant species
Loss of resources

3. Exponential Growth

4. 1-1 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?
Concept 1-1A Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun (solar capital) and on natural resources and natural services (natural capital) provided by the earth.
Concept 1-1B Living sustainability means living off the earth’s natural income without depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies it.

5. Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature (1)
Interdisciplinary science connecting information and ideas from
Natural sciences, with an emphasis on ecology
Social sciences
Humanities

7. Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature (2)
The goals of environmental science are to learn
How nature works
How the environment affects us
How we affect the environment
How to deal with environmental problems
How to live more sustainably

8. Figure 1.2 Environmental science is an interdisciplinary study of connections between the earth’s life-support system and human activities.

9. Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature (3)
Some definitions:
Environment – living and non-living things with which we interact.
Environmental science – interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the environment.
Ecology – study of how organism interact w. their environment and each other.

10. Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature (4)
Organism – living thing
Species – group of interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring.
Ecosystem – set of organisms interacting with one another and with their environment of nonliving matter and energy within a defined area or volume.

11. Sustainability Is the Central Theme of This Book (1)
Sustainability – the ability of the earth’s various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.

12. Sustainability Is the Central Theme of This Book (2)
There are five subthemes for that help pave a way toward sustainability.
Define natural capital.
Accept that many human activities result in the degradation of natural capital.
Environmental scientists search for solutions.
Proposed solution lead to conflicts require trade-offs (or compromises).
Individuals matter to search for solutions to environmental problems.

13. Natural resources – materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans.
Natural services – are functions of nature, such as the purification of air and water which support life and human economies.

14. Figure 1.4 Nutrient cycling: an important natural service that recycles chemicals needed by organisms from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.

15. $1 million lottery analogy
Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live off Its Income (1)
Environmentally sustainable society – one that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet basic needs.
$1 million lottery analogy
Take home message: Protect your capital and live off the income it provides.

16. 2005 Millennium Ecosystems Report
Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live off Its Income (2)
Living sustainably means living off natural income – renewable resources such as plant, animals and soil provided by natural capital.
2005 Millennium Ecosystems Report
4 year study involving 1360 experts
62% of earth’s natural services are degraded or overused.
Report warned, “..human activity is putting such a stain on the natural functions of Earth that the ability of the planet’s ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted.”
There is good news

17. 1-2 How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies Grow Economically?
Concept 1-2 Societies can become more environmentally sustainable through economic development dedicated to improving the quality of life for everyone without degrading the earth's life support systems.

18. There Is a Wide Economic Gap between Rich and Poor Countries (1)
Economic growth is the increase in a nation’s output of goods and services.
Gross domestic product (GDP) – the annual market value of all goods and services by all firms and organization foreign and domestic operating w/in a country.
per capita GDP – used to measure changes in a country’s economic growth.

19. There Is a Wide Economic Gap between Rich and Poor Countries (2)
Purchasing power parity
Per capita GDP PPP – a measure of the amount of goods and services that a country’s average citizen could buy.
Economic development – uses economic growth to improve living standards.

20. There Is a Wide Economic Gap between Rich and Poor Countries (3)
The UN classifies the world’s countries based on degree of industrialization and per captia GDP PPP.
Developed – 1.2 billion people, U.S., Can, Jap, New Zealand, and most of Europe.
Developing – 5.5 billion people, most in Africa, Asia, Latin America.
Some are middle-income, moderately developed, China, Mex, India, Brazil, Turkey, and Thailand.

21. Figure 1.5 Global outlook: comparison of developed and developing countries, (Data from the United Nations and the World Bank)

22. Figure 1-6 Extreme poverty: boy searching for items to sell in an open dump in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Many Children of poor families who live in makeshift shanty-towns in or near such dumps often scavenge all day for food and other items to help families survive.
Despite a 40-fold increase in economic growth since 1900, more than half of the world live in extreme poverty. One in six are desperately poor.
Continued conventional economic growth or environmentally sustainable economic development?
Environmentally sustainable economic development involves using political and economic systems to discourage environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth that degrade natural capital, and to encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of economic development that help sustain natural systems.

23. 1-3 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?
Concept 1-3 As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of the earth’s natural capital.

24. Some Sources Are Renewable (1)
Resource – from a human standpoint, anything obtained from the environment to meet our needs and wants.
Directly available for use
Not directly available for use
Conservation – management of natural resources with the goal of minimizing resource waste and sustaining resource supplies for current and future generations.

25. Some Sources Are Renewable (2)
Perpetual resource
Solar energy
Renewable resource – on a human timescale can be replenished fairly quickly (hours to hundreds of years) through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is renewed.
e.g., forests, grasslands, fresh air, fertile soil
Sustainable yield – highest rate at which a renewable resources can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
Environmental degradation results when SY is exceeded.

27. Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons (1)
Three types of property or resource rights
Private property – individuals or firms own the rights to land, minerals, or other resources.
Common property – rights to certain resources are held by large groups of individuals.
Open access renewable resources – owned by no one and available for use by anyone at little or no charge.

28. Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons (2)
Many common property and open access renewable resources have been degraded.
In 1968, Biologist Garrett Hardin called such degradation Tragedy of the Commons.
Threatens our ability to ensure the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of open-access resources such as clean air or open ocean fisheries.

29. Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons (3)
Solutions
Reduce use and/or regulate access
Private ownership.

30. Some Resources Are Not Renewable
Nonrenewable resources
Energy resources (e.g., coal and oil)
Metallic mineral resources (e.g., ores of Cu and Al)
Nonmetallic mineral resources (e.g., salt and sand)
Reuse
Recycle
Figure 1-8 Reuse: This child and his family in Katmandu, Nepal, collect beer bottles and sell them for cash.

31. Our Ecological Footprints Are Growing (1)
Figure 1-9 Consumption of natural resources: On the left, subsistence farmers in the Himalaya Mountains between China and India. Their use of resources is devoted to mostly to meeting their basic needs. On the right, a Pearland Texas family, typical of affluent nations. Their use of resources is way beyond their basic needs.

32. Our Ecological Footprints Are Growing (2)
Ecological footprint concept – amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply the people of a country or area w/ resources and to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution produced by such resource use.
Biological capacity – the ability of an area to replenish its resources and absorb the resulting waste products and pollution.
Ecological deficit – when ecological footprint is larger than biological capacity.
Relative ecological footprints

33. Figure 1-10 Natural capital use and degradation: total and per capita ecological footprints of selected countries (top). In 2003, humanity’s total or global ecological footprint was about 25% higher than the earth’s ecological capacity (bottom) and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by 2050.

34. Case Study: China’s New Affluent Consumers (1)
Leading consumer of various foods and goods
Wheat, rice, and meat
Coal, fertilizers, steel, and cement
Second largest consumer of oil
Two-thirds of the most polluted cities are in China
Projections, by 2020
Largest consumer and producer of cars
World’s leading economy in terms of GDP PPP

35. Case Study: China’s New Affluent Consumers (2)
Projection for China under by 2033 under current trends.
Population reaches 1.5 billion
Require 2/3 of world’s current grain harvest
2x current world’s paper consumption
Consume more that the current global production of oil.

36. Case Study: China’s New Affluent Consumers (3)
According to environmental policy expert Lester Brown
The western model the fossil fuel-based, automobile-centered, throwaway economy is not going to work for China. Nor will it work for India, which by 2033 is projected to have a population even larger than China’s, or for the other 3 billion people in developing countries who are also dreaming the “American dream.”

37. Cultural Changes Have Increased Our Ecological Footprints (1)
Culture – the whole of society’s knowledge, beliefs, technology, and practices.
Cultural changes have had profound effects on the earth.
Present form of our species, Homo sapiens sapiens, has walked the earth for thousand years, a mere blink in the 3.6 billion year planetary life history.
12,000 years ago: hunters and gatherers

38. Cultural Changes Have Increased Our Ecological Footprints (2)
Three major cultural events
Agricultural revolution (10 to 12 tya)
Industrial-medical revolution (275 ya)
Information-globalization revolution (50 ya)
These changes were associated with greater energy use, greater resource use, more pollution and environmental degradation.
Environmental scientist call for an environmental, or sustainability, revolution

39. 1-4 What Is Pollution and What Can We Do about It?
Concept 1-4 Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning up pollution.

40. Figure 1-11 Point-source air pollution from a pulp mill in New York, USA

41. Pollution Comes from a Number of Sources (1)
Pollution – anything in the environment that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.
Can enter naturally or through human activities.
Sources of pollution
Point (e.g., smokestack)
Nonpoint (e.g., pesticides blown into the air)
Two main types
Biodegradable (e.g., human sewage and paper)
Nondegradable (e.g., Pb, Hg, and As)

42. Pollution Comes from a Number of Sources (2)
Three types of unwanted effects of pollution
Disrupt or degrade life-support systems
Damage wildlife, human health, and property
Create nuisances: noise, unpleasant smell, taste and sight.

43. We Can Clean Up Pollution or Prevent It
Two ways to deal with pollution
Pollution cleanup (output pollution control)
Cleaning up or diluting
Problems with this option:
Temporary bandage for exponentially increasing consumption
Removes pollution in one area only to put it elsewhere
Once dispersed in the environment, costs too much or impossible to reduce to safer levels.
Pollution prevention (input pollution control)
Eliminates or reduces

44. 1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
Concept 1-5A Major causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful and unsustainable resource use, poverty, exclusion of environmental costs of resource use from the market prices of goods and services, and attempts to manage nature with insufficient knowledge.
Concept 1-5B People with different environmental worldviews often disagree about the seriousness of environmental problems and what we should do about them

45. Experts Have Identified Five Basic Causes of Environmental Problems
What are some major environmental problems cause by pushing resources through the global economies?
Five basic causes for environmental problems:
Population growth
Wasteful and unsustainable resource use
Poverty
Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in their market prices
Insufficient knowledge of how nature works
Environmental problems: forest are shrinking, deserts are expanding, soils are eroding, agricultural lands are deteriorating, lower atmosphere is warning, glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, storms becoming more destructive. In many areas, water tables are falling, rivers are running dry, fisheries are collapsing, coral reefs are disappearing, and species are becoming extinct.

46. Figure 1.12 Environmental and social scientists have identified five basic causes of the environmental problems we face (Concept 1-5A). Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle contributes to these causes?

47. Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects (1)
Poverty – when people are unable to meet their basic needs for adequate food, water, shelter, health, and education.
½ world’s population are desperate for short- term survival depleting and degrading forests, soil, grasslands, fisheries, and wildlife at an increasing rate.
Difficult to worry about long-term environmental quality and sustainability.

48. Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects (2)
Population growth affected
More children for security  higher growth rate
Poverty increase degradation of environment, likewise, environmental degradation can increase poverty. (positive feedback)
Malnutrition – lack of protein and other nutrients needed for good health.
Premature death
Limited access to adequate sanitation facilities and clean water (2.6 billion people and 1 billion get water from sources contaminated by human and animal feces)

49. Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects (3)
WHO estimates 7 million premature deaths each year.
2/3 are children younger than age 5.
Figure 1.13
Some harmful results of poverty.

50. Figure 1-14 Global Outlook: in developing countries, one in every three children under the age of 5, such as this child from Lunda, Angola, suffers from severe malnutrition. WHO estimates that each day at least 13,700 children under age 5 die prematurely from malnutrition and infectious diseases, most from drinking contaminated water and being weakened by malnutrition.

51. Affluence Has Harmful and Beneficial Environmental Effects
Harmful environmental impact due to
High levels of consumption
Unnecessary waste of resources
Can obtain resources from anywhere in the world w/o seeing the harmful environmental impacts.
Positive influence
Air cleaner, water safer, rivers and lakes cleaner, food supply more abundant and safer, life-threatening infectious diseases greatly reduced, lifespans longer, and some endangered species being rescued from extinction.
Affluence can provide funding for
Developing technologies to reduce
Pollution
Environmental degradation
Resource waste

52. Prices Do Not Include the Value of Natural Capital
Companies do not pay the environmental cost of resource use (unless required to by laws and regulations).
Goods and services do not include the harmful environmental costs.
Companies receive tax breaks and subsidies.
Helps create jobs and stimulate the economy.
Economy may be stimulated but there may be a degradation of natural capital.

53. People Have Different Views about Environmental Problems and Their Solutions (1)
Views depend on environmental worldview  a set of assumptions and values reflecting how one thinks the world works and what you think your role in the world should be.
Involves environmental ethics  beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment.
See examples of relevant ethical questions, p. 20.

54. People Have Different Views about Environmental Problems and Their Solutions (2)
Environmental Worldviews
Planetary Management
■ We are apart from the rest of nature and can manage nature to meet our increasing needs and wants.
■ Because of our ingenuity and technology, we will not run out of resources.
■ The potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited.
■ Our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life- support systems mostly for our benefit.
Stewardship
■ We have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers, or stewards, of the earth.
■ We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted.
■ We should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage environmentally harmful forms.
■ Our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life- support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature.
■ Resources are limited and should not be wasted.
Environmental Wisdom
■ We are a part of and totally dependent on nature, and nature exists for all species.
■ We should encourage earth- sustaining forms of economic growth and discourage earth-degrading forms.
■ Our success depends on learning how nature sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature into the ways we think and act.

55. We Can Learn to Make Informed Environmental Decisions
Scientific research
Identify problem and multiple solutions
Consider human values
Figure 1-15 Steps involved in making environmental decisions.

56. We Can Work Together to Solve Environmental Problems
Most helpful to build social capital – involves getting people with different views and values to talk and listen to one another, find common ground, and work together to solve environmental and other problems.
Encourages
Openness and communication
Cooperation
Hope
Discourages
Close-mindedness
Polarization
Confrontation and fear

57. Case Study: The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, TN (1)
Environmental success story: example of building their social capital
1960: most polluted city in the U.S.
People and industry fled downtown, high unemployment and crime.
1984: Vision 2000
1700 citizens built a consensus after identifying problems, setting goals and brainstorming for ideas and solutions.
1995: most goals met:
including zero-emission industries and electric buses, a recycling program, and since 1989, air pollutant lower than federal standards.

58. Case Study: The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, TN (2)
Zero-emission industries and electric buses, a recycling program, and since 1989, air pollutant lower than federal standards.
Renovate low-income houses and built low-income rentals
An aquarium and a riverfront park along Tennessee River banks
1993: Revision 2000
Most revision goals have been met
Transform S. Chattanooga into mixed community of residences, retail stores, and zero-emission industries where employees can live near workplaces.

59. Chattanooga, TN

60. Individuals Matter: Aldo Leopold
5–10% of the population can bring about major social change
Anthropologist Margaret Mead
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
Aldo Leopold: environmental ethics
A leader of the conservation and environmental movements of the 20th century
Land ethic
Wrote: A Sand County Almanac

61. 1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability?
Concept 1- 6 Nature has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient cycling—lessons from nature that we can apply to our lifestyles and economies.

62. Figure 1-17 Four scientific principles of sustainability

63. Solutions For Environmental or Sustainability Revolution