1. Prejudice

2. Recall: In-Group Out-Group
Social group to which a person belongs (“us”)
We care about others’ welfare, cooperate with
Out-Group
Social group to which a person does not belong (“them”)
We don’t care about group members’ welfare

3. Prejudice
Positive or negative attitude towards individuals based on their membership in a particular social group
Prejudgment

4. Prejudice is an Attitude
Affect
Emotions

5. Prejudice is an Attitude
Affect
Behavioral Tendencies
Inclination to act according to prejudice
Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior directed toward the persons or groups who are targets of prejudice

6. Institutional Discrimination
Systematic discrimination against a group of people (includes racism, sexism)
Not necessarily the result of prejudice!

7. Institutional Discrimination
Children of alumni receive preference for admission into some private colleges.
Employees of a particular university are allowed free tuition, as are their spouses.
A corporation decides to fill an opening "in-house" rather than advertise.
A public hearing is held on the third floor of building without elevators.
A fire department requires that applicants for the position of firefighter be 5'8" or taller.

8. Prejudice is an Attitude
Affect
Behavioral Tendencies
Cognition
Thoughts and beliefs
Stereotypes: A cognitive framework that generalizes certain characteristics to all members of a specific social group

9. Stereotypes Often work as mental shortcuts Stereotype threat:
Implicit stereotyping can ‘prime’ relevant behavior and attitudes
Media stereotypes: Cumulative effect over time
Stereotype threat:
Anxiety that behavior might confirm a negative stereotype; hampers performance

10. Racial Prejudice
Overt racial prejudice and discrimination are have declined significantly in the last 60 years
Subtle prejudice: Non-obvious, arises when it’s ‘safe’ to express

11. Racial Prejudice
Study: Applying stereotyping and prejudice to an ambiguous behavior
Participants observe a videotape of a man lightly shoving another man during conversation
White man
Black man
13%
Black man
White man
73%

12. Gender Prejudice Stereotypes of men and women
Overt gender bias has been declining
Subtle gender bias still exists

13. Where does prejudice come from?
Social Sources
Emotional Sources
Cognitive Sources

14. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Study 1:
Do Whites treat African Americans and Whites differently?
Participants interviewed a confederate for a job
Confederate: African American or White

15. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Results: Study 1
Interview length: AA < W
Distance: AA > W
Eye contact: AA < W
Speech dysfluencies: AA > W

16. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Study 2
Does differential treatment influence behavior?
Confederates interviewed participant for job
Treated participant like African Americans or Whites were treated in Study 1

17. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Results Study 2:
Participants treated like African Americans performed worse than participants treated like Whites

18. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
In-Group Bias
Viewing our in-group positively helps us feel good about ourselves
Natural tendency to view out-group negatively

19. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social inequalities
In-Group Bias
Institutional Supports
Reflect a culture’s assumptions
Reinforce culture’s attitudes and stereotypes

20. Emotional Sources of Prejudice
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Frustration brings out hostility
When cause of frustration is vague, hostility can be redirected
Competing for resources brings out frustration and hostility
Scapegoating: Group blamed for problems

21. Emotional Sources of Prejudice

22. Emotional Sources of Prejudice
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Authoritarian submission
A high degree of submission to authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate
Authoritarian aggression
A general aggressiveness, directed against various persons, that is perceived to be sanctioned by established authorities.
Conventionalism
A high degree of adherence to the social conventions that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities.

23. Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
Categorization
In-Groups and Out-Groups
The Minimal Group Paradigm
Out-Group Homogeneity Effect
Members of an out-group perceived as similar

24. Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
Categorization
Distinctiveness
Distinctive occurrences, vivid examples are easily remembered

25. Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
Categorization
Distinctiveness
Attribution
Fundamental Attribution Error and Group-Serving Bias
Just-World Phenomenon

26. Can prejudice be reduced?
Contact Hypothesis
What kind of intergroup contact would increase prejudice? Decrease prejudice?
Cooperative contact
Jigsaw classroom
Formal education
Selective perception
Diversity training