1. Phonetics
Unit 1

2. Introduction - Review What is phonetics?
What are the origins of phonetics?
How can we define sounds?
What are the stages of sound production and perception?
Which activities have derived from these stages?

3. Introduction - Review What is involved in the production of sounds?
Which human organs are involved when we speak?
What are the two subystems involved in the process of speaking?

4. Introduction - Review How are lungs called in the speaking process?
How can we produce –V and +V sounds?
What’s another name for pharynx, nasal and oral cavities?
How do we call the organs in the oral cavity?
How can we describe sounds?

5. Description of speech sounds
Articulation = physiological movements to modify the airstream
Discrete sounds = segmentals (consonants vowels)
Ways to articulate of segments:
Articulators completely close off the vocal tract
Narrow the space in the vocal tract
Modify the shape of vocal tract

6. Description of speech sounds
Obstruction of airstream = consonantal sounds
Absence of obstruction = vocalic sounds
Sounds are described according to 2 parameters:
Point of articulation: describes which articulator is involved in the production of a sound.
Manner of articulation: describes the type of closure made by the articulators and the way the air is released.

7. Consonants: Point/place of articulation
Bilabial: 2 lips obstruct the airstream /p, b, m/
Examples: place, bathroom, mother
Labio-dental: the inner edge of lower lip get into light contact with the upper teeth /f, v/
Examples: false, very
Dental: tip of tongue against the upper teeth /ө, ð/
Examples: mouth, there

8. Consonants: Point/place of articulation
Alveolar: tip and blade of the tongue get into light contact with the alveolar ridge /d, t, n, l, s, z/
Examples: dental, toe, narrow, low, sun, zone
Retroflex: tip of tongue curled back next to the hard palate, but without contact /r/
Exampl: car

9. Consonants: Point/place of articulation
Alveo-palatal: tip or blade of tongue at front of palate, near the alveolar ridge /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/
Examples: shoe, treasure, choice, gym
Palatal: front of togue at palate /Spanish-r/ /j/
Examples: pero, you
Velar: obstruction of airstream with the back of the tongue at the soft palate or velum /k, g, ŋ/
Examples: clown, got, song

10. Consonants: Point/place of articulation
Uvular: back of tongue at the uvula /French-r/
Example: pour
Glottal: air passing through glottis causing friction in vocal folds but no vibration /h/
Example: home

11. Consonants: Point/place of articulation
Point of articulation/
voicing
Bilabial
+V -V
Labio-dental
+V -V
Dental
Alveolar
+V -V
Retro flex
Alveo-palatal
Palatal
Velar
+V -V
Glottal
Sounds
b p m
v f
ð ө
d t
n s l z r
ʒ ʃ
ʤ ʧ
Spanish-r j
g k ŋ h
Examples
Book
Mouth
Plot
Funny
Very
There
Drop
Nice
Love
Buzz
Tie
Sun
Rain
Doge
Pleasure
Shout
Catch
Carro
Yet
Goal
King
Key
House

12. Consonants: Manner of articulation
Stops: complete closure at some point of vocal tract, releasing airstream abruptly /p, b, t, d, k, g/
Fricatives: almost closing vocal tract and pushing airstream through a passage producing friction /f, v, ө, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/
Affricates: complete brief stopping of airstream with an obstructed release causing friction /ʧ, ʤ/

13. Consonants: Manner of articulation
Laterals: obstuction at the center of vocal tract, airstream released through the sides of the contact /l/
Nasals: lowered velum and airstream flows though the nose /m, n, ŋ/
Flaps: a single rapid contact of the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /ʕ/

14. Consonants: Manner of articulation
Trills: a series of rapid intermitent closures with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /Spanish-r/
Approximants: influence of the vowel sound that follows /r/ and the semivowels /j, w/

15. b p d t k g v f ð ө z s ʒ ʃ h ʤ ʧ l m n ŋ ʕ /Spanish-r/ r j w
Place, manner, voicing
Bilabial
+V -V
Labio-dental
+V V
Dental
Alveolar
Retro flex
+V -V
Alveo-palatal
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Stops
b p
d t
k g
Fricatives
v f
ð ө
z s
ʒ ʃ h
Affricates
ʤ ʧ
Laterals l
Nasals m n ŋ
Flaps ʕ
Trills
/Spanish-r/
Approximants – Semi vowels r j w

16. Spelling of sounds
/p/ voiceless bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “p” in writing.
/b/ voiced bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “b” in writting.
/t/ voiceless alveolar stop, represented in writing by:
t…………time - tt……….better
th………Thomas ed……..washed

17. Spelling of sounds
/d/ voiced alveolar stop, represented in writing by:
d………..dear
dd……..teddy
/k/ voiceless velar stop, represented in writing by:
k………..kind - qu………conquer
c………..cake - ch………stomach
cc……….accord

18. Spelling of sounds /g/ voiced velar stop, represented in writing by:
g………smogg - gh…….ghost
g…….smuggle
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:
f……….fork - ff………off
ph……physics - gh……cough

19. Spelling of sounds
/v/ voiced labiodental fricative, represented in writing by:
v……convent
f…….of
/ɵ/ voiceless dental fricative, regularly represented by “th”in writing.
/ð/ voiced dental fricative, regularly represented by “th” in writing.

20. Spelling of sounds
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:
s………soccer - ss…………assume
c………cell - sc………..scissors
x (ks)…….éxecute
/z/ voiced alveolar fricative, represented in writing by:
s……apples - ss……….scissors
z…….zoom - zz………fuzzy
x(gs)…..exám

21. Spelling of sounds
/ʃ/ voiceless alveolpalatal fricative, represented in writing by:
sh…..shoes - ch……machine
s…….sugar - ss…….assure
ti……nation - ci……..social
sci…..conscience - ce…….ocean

22. Spelling of sounds
/ʒ/ voiced alveopalatal fricative, represented in writing by:
si………vision - s……….measure
z……….seizure - ge……..rouge
/h/ voiceless glottal fricative, represented in writing by:
h……..heat - wh…..whose

23. Spelling of sounds
/ʧ/ voiceless alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:
ch……children - tch……match
tu…….picture - te……..righteous
tion….question

24. Spelling of sounds
/ʤ/ voiceled alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by:
j…….judge - g…………gym
dg….pledge - gg………..suggest
dj…..adjacent - de……….grandeur
di……soldier

25. Spelling of sounds
/m/ voiced bilabial nasal, represented in writing by:
m……..mother - mm……..summer
mb…..comb - mn………column
/n/ voiced alveolar nasal, represented in writing by:
n………noon - nn……….funny
kn…..know

26. Spelling of sounds /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal, represented in writing by:
ng…..song - nk…..thank
/l/ voiced alveolar lateral, represented in writing by:
l……..life - ll……….call

27. Spelling of sounds
/r/ voiced retroflex approximant, represented in writing by:
r…….red - rr………narrow
rh……rhyme
/j/ voiced palatal semivowel, represented in writing by:
y……yes - i………million
u…..tune - ew……few
eau…beauty - ui…….suit

28. Spelling of sounds
/w/ voiced labiovelar semivowel, represented in writing by:
w…….we - wh……when
qu…...queen - gu……..language
o……..once