1. they both _________________________________, however they
1. Compare how trade transformed Classic Greek and Roman society.
2. Compare the evolution of political systems in classic Greece and Rome.
3. Compare gender roles in Classic Greece and Rome.
they both _________________________________, however they
differ in terms of _____________________________. The reason
for this difference is ___________________________.
The evolution of political systems in Classic Greece and Rome is similar in
in terms _________________________________.
However because __________________ they differ in
terms of ______________.

3. C 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
C 12: Cross Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
Kingdom of Rome: 8th C BCE – 509 BCE
Roman Republic: 509 BCE – 49 BCE
Punic Wars: BCE
Civil Wars: 87 BCE – 49 BCE
Roman Empire: 49 BCE – 476 CE

4. Punic Wars: BCE
70,000 soldiers and 37
elephants crossed the Alps
into Italy
Romans spread salt in Carthage
Rome eventually defeats
Carthage for control of
Mediterranean
Hannibal drinks poison
rather than be controlled by the
Romans (50,000 = slavery)

5. Two Consuls: One military, one civil Twelve Tables: 449 BCE
Innocent until proven guilty
Right to face accuser in court
Right for judges to set aside unfair verdicts

6. Structure of Government
Consuls
Senate
Chosen by the Senate
2 chosen each year
Head of State – commanded army
Could become Dictator for 6 months in times of need
Veto (I forbid) power over Senate
Main lawmaking body
300 Patricians appointed for life
Controlled foreign affairs
Selected Dictator
Democracy
Assembly
Tribunes
Elected by the Plebeians
Approved Consuls
Later given power to pass laws
2 to 10 Chosen by Plebeian Council
Could Veto actions of the Consuls and the Senate
(For Adult White Male Citizens)

7. Roman Law: The Twelve Tables
Finally in 450B.C. the laws were engraved on 12 bronze
tablets called the Twelve Tables. They were displayed
in the Forum, so all citizens could see their rights.
First written law code in Rome – written in 451 B.C.E.
All Free citizens had equal protection under the law.
Protected the rights of the Plebeians
Marriages between plebeians and patricians are forbidden
An obviously deformed child must be put to death.
A person who admits to owing money or has been adjudged to owe money must be given 30 days to pay.
If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son shall be free of his father

8. How did the Roman Republic treat conquered peoples?
How did this change with the
transformation to empire?
Expansion of Republic w/ military threats and incentives: tax
Incentives/ trade privileges/ promise of citizenship/ let them govern
their own affairs/ couldn’t make a military alliance with anyone else/
had to provide soldiers and military support for the empire (Private armies??)
Empire (Caesar): gave citizenship to provinces/ confiscated land from conservative
aristocrats and gave to veterans and supporters/ eased the suffering of the poor
Empire (Augustus): more centralized…
Gracchi Bros?

10. TEST: 100 points/ 40 Multiple Choice/ 20 matching
C 10/11/12 on FRIDAY OCTOBER 25
Matching will come directly from the People/Terms from your
Homework question sheets
Comparative Essay (In class Blue Book): 75 points
TUESDAY October 29
I will give you 4 questions to prepare.
On test day, I will randomly choose one for you to write.

11. Innovation: The Arch and the Dome
Colosseum: CE

12. Roman Arch: Spain
Corbel Arch: Mesoamerica

13. Naumachia: simulated naval battles in the Colosseum
Romans: heavy use of slave labor to sustain the empire: how does a heavy reliance
on slave labor discourage technological innovation?

14. Roman Baths
Circus Maximus: Chariot race track 2000 ft long/ 400 ft wide: 27,000 spectators

16. Roman Road: Pompeii
At peak: Roman Roads = 54,000 miles
Pantheon: temple of the gods
Roman Milestone
Roman Milestone

17. S P I C E Pater Familias!! Social:
Development and Transformation of social structures
Pater Familias!!
Patricians/ Plebeians/ Women did have influence in domestic sphere/ one third of the population were slaves
Internal unrest: rebellions of the plebeians/ land issues/ slave revolts (Spartacus: army of 70,000 slaves)
Immigrants were attracted to Rome/
population at height= million
Political:
State-building,
expansion and conflict
Monarchy>Republic:>Empire/ Punic Wars/Carthage?
Expansion of republic? /Gracchi Bros/ Sulla? Civil Wars
Julius Caesar? Killed 44 BCE /Augustus? (Octavian) 27 BCE
“monarchy disguised as a republic” died 14 CE
No private armies/ well organized army and navy
12 Tables/ “Innocent Until Proven Guilty”, right to challenge your accuser in court
Pax Romana 117 CE-
period of great expansion/ no policy for dealing with domestic unrest…..
Only “Bread and Circuses”
(Evolution of treatment of conquered peoples??)
Interaction
Between humans and the environment
Mediterranean- eventually would include are as far east as Anatolia/Armenia, south to Egypt, present day Morocco, Britain and Wales: 2.2 million square miles at its height
* Architecture: Concrete, Arch, Aqueducts, Fountains, Forum, Stadiums, Public Baths and Sewers/Postal System (greatly expanded during period of empire) S P I C E
Patrician?
Plebians?
Consuls?
Senate?
(Effects?)
Tribune?
Dictator?
Policies?

18. S P I C E Culture: Economic:
Development and interaction of cultures
 Polytheism: Roman deities/ many adopted from Greece/
Stoicism: adopted from the Greeks: active life, help others, scorn accumulation of wealth, live by reason according to nature
Cults: Isis
Judaism (Romans had problems w monotheism & refusal to accept state gods) Romans eventually crush Jews (66-70CE); Essenes/ Dead Sea Scrolls
Religions of Salvation:
Mithraism: no women, appealed to military, adopted from Zorastrianism and emphasized strength and courage
Christianity: moral code, divine nature of Jesus, New Testament records teachings= Romans crucify him (Paul of Tarsus??) Variation on doctrine/ rituals/ resurrection/ role of women…
Economic:
Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
 Republic: agriculture/ latifundia?/ problems with land distribution/
Empire: Mare Nostrum: Navy = trade free from pirates/ economic
Specialization/ wealth of Rome fueled great urban development/ Roads, communication, mileposts, services encouraged growth of trade
Taxes and tribute collected
Great wealth encouraged conspicuous consumption/ wealth in provinces encouraged growth of cities there/ development of infrastructure there S P I C E

19. Collapse of the Gupta Empire: Internal Decay and External Pressures
Regional states?
Buddhism/
Nalanda?
Later rulers:
Weak in character/
ineffective CE
External Pressures?:
The White Huns

20. Social: Culture: Political: Economic: Interaction
Development and Transformation of social structures
 RISE
Culture:
Development and
interaction of cultures
“Golden Age”: math (pi and zero) science, medicine, literature, poetry, decimal system
Mahayana Buddhism (vs Theraveda Buddhism),
Bodhisattvas, Jainism
Political:
State-building,
expansion and conflict
Chandra Gupta- period of relative peace ( CE)
Forged alliances with strong regional families
Political support form of popular Hinduism (devotional Hinduism)
Economic:
Creation, expansion
and interaction of
economic systems
Guilds/ jati / became strong, powerful and wealthy
Marketplaces, market towns, long distance trade across Hindu Kush, (pepper- key commodity that established direct trade with Rome)
Interaction
Between humans and the environment
monsoons
Observance of caste duties could lead to salvation
(Bhagavad Gita 300 CE)
Women lost rights (no property, no ritual, no study of religion) (child marriage)

21. Buddhism declines/ Nalanda abandoned By 1000 CE
Social:
Development and Transformation of social structures
 FALL
Culture:
Buddhism declines/ Nalanda abandoned
By 1000 CE
Hinduism survives the fall
Caste system survives the fall
Political:
State-building,
expansion and conflict
Invasion of the White Huns
(550 CE)- unable to defend themselves
Able to fend them off for the first half of the 5th C CE but at huge cost/ military defense was expensive/ led to weakness in centralized authority- empire easily split along lines of regional provinces
Economic:
Creation, expansion
and interaction of
economic systems
Not enough taxes for military defense/ regional provinces resisted tax increases
New wealth and prestige of the jati may have undermined traditional high status of Brahmins= internal decay
Interaction
Between humans and the environment
monsoons
Land divisions increased the power of the provincial officials
Caste system remained very strong- undermined need for
Centralized authority

22. Collapse of the Roman Empire: Internal Decay and External Pressures
Constantine r CE
Internal Decay:
26 Barracks Emperors
Epidemics
Disintegration of Imperial Economy
Regional Self Sufficiency favored
Great wealth in provinces encouraged
growth of cities there (infrastructure)
Rise of Christianity?
Tetrarchs
Diocletian r CE

23. Constantinople the capital
330 CE:
Constantinople the capital

24. External Pressures:
Nature of barbarian
relationship with Roman
Empire during times of
stability?
Visigoths sacked
Rome 410CE
Attila the Hun
(Died 453CE)
Germanic nomads
Establish Germanic
Emperor in 476 CE
(Odovacer)
Germanic invasions and the fall of the
Western Roman empire: CE

26. Effects?
Roman Empire survives another
1000 years as the Byzantine Empire
nomadic groups build successor
states in the West
Christianity survives
Edict of Milan 313 CE?
Constantine’s Conversion
Council of Nicea 325 CE?
(Consensus on doctrine)
Emperor Theodosius proclaimed
Christianity the official religion of
the Roman empire
pope as spiritual leader of
church in the West

27. Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

28. Collapse of the Han Dynasty: Internal Decay and External Pressures
Spread of Epidemic Disease
Sets the Stage……
Internal Decay:
Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure
Marriage alliances led to
Conflict
Continued problem of land distribution
disease
Yellow Turban Uprising 184CE
200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms
External Pressures:
Immigration of northern nomads increases

29. Collapse of the Han Dynasty:
Internal Decay and External Pressures
Effects?
sinicization of nomadic peoples
(adoption of sedentary lifestyle, adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage
rise in Buddhism and Daoism (Confucianism loses credibility: WHY?)
disintegration into 3 regional states

30. C 12: Cross Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
Hellenistic era as stage for
Silk Road Boom?
Why safe to travel now
during the Classic Era?
Han/ Rome/ Khushan/ Parthians
The Silk Road: 200 BCE – 300 CE

31. Products?

32. From East Asia: From South Asia: From Central Asia:
Ginger, cinnamon, silk
From South Asia:
Pepper, sesame oil
From Central Asia:
Horses, jade
From South East Asia:
Clove, nutmeg, mace
From the
Mediterranean:
Glassware, jewelry,
Textiles, pottery

33. Effects of this Boom in Trade:
Economic activities become more sophisticated and productive
cultural exchange (art, language, religion)/ role of oasis towns
spread of Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity
Manichaeism (Best example of religious syncretism along Silk Road)
spread of disease weakened Han and Roman empires in particular
reduction in trade with collapse
Manichaeism
Elements of: Zoroastrianism (Zarathustra), Christianity (Jesus) and
Buddhism (Buddha)
Prophet Mani ( CE): a prophet for all of humanity
Dualism and cosmic struggle (strong rationale for presence of good and evil)
Personal salvation
Strong missionary component
Ascetic lifestyle (no marriage, no sex, no alcohol)
High ethical standards
Manichaeism Priests (3rd – 7th CE)

34. Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity:
200 BCE -400 CE