1. EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION EMOTION
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

2. Motivation versus Emotion
Emotion, a subjective sensation experienced
as a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is
different from motivation in that it has no goal
or direction connected with it.
Emotions result from the interaction of the (a)
perception of environmental stimuli, (b)
neural/hormonal responses to these
perceptions (feelings), and (c)
cognitive labeling of
these feelings.
There is a small core of emotions (6 to 8) that are uniquely associated with a specific facial expressions (Izard, 1992). This suggests that these are “hard-wired” in human beings.
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and
emotion cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99 (3),
Definitions of Motivation and emotion retrieved from Bill Huitt at

3. What is emotion?
“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is easily recognized but hard to define.
Most theories hold that emotion
is a syndrome or complex entity
with many components:
physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive events, sensory input, behavioral correlates.”
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from  
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4. ANGER
SERIOUS
SADNESS
SURPRISE
FEAR
What good is emotion?
Emotions (a) prepare us for action, (b) shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing), (c) regulate social interaction, (d) facilitate communication nonverbally, (e) facilitate adult-child relations and thus development, (f) make life worth living by adding value to experience, and (g) allow us to respond flexibly to our environment (approaching good, avoiding bad).
Emotions are usually inseparable from their communication. Most people do not have a "poker face," and we generally find a person's emotional response to be obvious. Knowing how someone feels helps us evaluate how they will act.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
SADNESS
JOY
ANGER
FEAR
SURPRISE

5. MORE ABOUT EMOTIONS
■ Emotions are largely a conscious phenomena.
■ They involve more bodily manifestations than other conscious states.
■ They vary along a number of dimensions: intensity, type, origin, arousal, value, self-regulation, etc.
■ They are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”
■ They protect us from a “slavish devotion” to rationality.
■ They play an indispensable role in determining the quality of life and defining our priorities.
■ They have a central place in moral education and moral life through conscience, empathy, and many specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and remourse. The are inextrictably linked to virtues.
A paraphrased version of a list included in EMOTION by Ronald de Sousa.
Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at

6. Three Ways to Measure Emotion
Behavior – screaming, facial expressions, laughing, aggression, approach/avoidance, activity level, smiling, attention/distraction, alertness, insomnia, anhedonia, etc.
Body/Physical – blood pressure, tears, heart rate, neural images, lie detector readings, posture, perspiration, adrenaline, muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.
Thoughts – observed indirectly through: spoken and written words on rating scales; answers to open-ended questions on surveys and during interviews; responses to projective instruments, sentence stems, etc. Emotion can interfere with many cognitive operations such as rational/logical thinking and the ability to objectively self-assess or perceive the behavior and intentions of others.
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7. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS
Newborns show only pleasure and distress.
Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.
Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.
They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.
Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.
Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.
Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.
Facial expression is associated with emotions.
Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.
Click to learn more
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8. Affection for adults Elation Joy Delight Excitement Distress Anger
Affection for children
Affection for adults
Elation
Joy
Delight
Excitement
Distress
Anger
Jealousy
Disgust
Fear
Months
Bridges (1932) found that emotions are rapidly differentiated from an initial capacity for excitement. Today, there is interest in genetically determined temperamental characteristics from which personality forms, such as sociability. K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37.

9. Neurophysiology
Emotion
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

10. Neural Pathways of Emotion
Joseph LeDoux (1998) found evidence for two neural pathways in the processing of fear.
The fast route is quick, inaccurate, life-saving:
Sight → Thalamus → Amygdala
The slow route is precise, complex, sluggish:
Sight → Thalamus → Visual cortex → Amygdala
Route one allows for instant action and is relatively inaccurate; so it produces false positives.
Route two is precise and can reduce the response to fear if the situation is appraised to
be safe after all factors are considered.
LeDoux, J. (1998) The Emotional Brain. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
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Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from Related MS Word lecture at Written permission for use granted.

11. So the Brain Executes an Emotional Shortcut In Crises
We feel some emotions before we think.
Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortical areas involved in thinking.
Two such pathways run from the eye and ear via the thalamus to the amygdala, which is
the emotional control center.
This shortcut enables a quick, pre-thought emotional response before the intellect gets consciously involved.
The thinking cortex can eventually override
the “decision” of the amygdala to react.
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12. Two Routes to Emotion 2 Appraisal 2 2 2 1 Event Emotional Response
Do they operate separately? Concurrently? Or both?
Two Routes to Emotion 2
Appraisal 2 2
Lazarus / Schachter 2 1
Emotional Response
Event
Zajonc / LeDoux
Lazarus disagrees. He says, ,no matter what, there has to be some cogntive appraisal – otherwise, how do we know what we are reacting to?
This appraisal may not require conscious thinking
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13. Primary & Secondary Emotions
A distinction between primary and
secondary emotions has been proposed.
Primary emotions are probably innate and universal and include fear, rage, surprise, happiness, joy, disgust (Ortony and Turner, 1990). Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97,
Secondary emotions are more complex and appear to be acquired or learned (Damasio, 1999) and include optimism, love, humiliation, hope, vigilance, optimism.
Damasio links secondary emotions with
the orbitofrontal cortex (behind the eyes).
Damasio, A.R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Orlando: Harcourt Brace.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from Related MS Word lecture at Written permission granted.
Damasio, A.R. (1994) Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: G.P. Putnam.
Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions ? Psychological Review, 97,

14. Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus
Gyruc Cinguli
Hippocampal Formation
PAPEZ CIRCUIT
Mamillary Body
Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus
In 1937 emotion was linked to the limbic system by Papez. He stated that the hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and hippocampus elaborate functions of emotion. MacLean used the terms "limbic system" in 1952 and identified three specific subdivisions: the amygdala, septal, and thalamocingulate. He postulated that the limbic brain responds to inputs from internal and external sources. The closed circuit between the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus is the Papez circuit. The fornix connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, which project to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The nuclei of the thalamus complete the closed circuit through fibers to the hippocampus. These interconnections combine to form the neural basis of emotion.
For more detail see

15. The Amygdala LeDoux Amygdala Identified as crucial in fear
Anterior Nucleus
of Dorsal Thalamus
Mammillothalamic Tract
Cingulate Gyrus
The Amygdala
LeDoux
Identified as crucial in fear
Fear conditioning in animals
Trace route from audition
Fornix
Basal Forebrain Nuclei
Sensory Cortex
Mammillary Body
Sensory Thalamus
Hypothalamus, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulb
Medial Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus
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16. Face & Emotion: Paul Ekman
Multicultural/Evolutionary Theory
1 - Universal neurophysiology in the facial muscles
2 - Culture-specific variations in the expression of emotion
Seven Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion:
Anger, Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Sadness, and Contempt
Ekman, Paul (2003). Emotions Revealed : Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York:
Henry Holt & Company; Copy for the slide above taken from a PPT slide set by Evette Samaan available at Slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.

17. Hormones and Emotion You perceive the sensory stimulus.
The adrenal gland sends out two hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
That produces arousal or alertness
that provides the body with the energy to act (pupils dilate, the heart beat
races, and breathing quickens.
Info for this slide taken from Evette Samaan at
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18. (1) Differential Emotions (5) Schachter-Singer Appraisal
Theories of Emotion:
(1) Differential Emotions
(2) James-Lange,
(3) Cannon-Bard,
(4) Opponent-Process,
(5) Schachter-Singer Appraisal
(6) OCC Model
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

19. Basic Emotions Theorist(s) Basis for Inclusion Plutchik Arnold
acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust,
joy, fear, sadness, surprise
Biological Adaptation Related (Evolutionary)
Arnold
anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness
Relation to action tendencies
Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth
anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise
Universal Facial Expressions
Frijda
desire, happiness, interest, surprise,
wonder, sorrow
Forms of Action Readiness
Gray
rage and terror, anxiety, joy
Hardwired
Izard
anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear,
guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise
James
fear, grief, love, rage
Bodily Involvement
McDougall
anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection,
tender-hearted, wonder
Relation to Instincts
Mowrer
pain, pleasure
Unlearned
Oatley and Johnson-Laird
anger, disgust, anxiety,
happiness, sadness
No Propositional Content Requirded
Panksepp
expectancy, fear, rage, panic
Tomkins
anger, interest, contempt, disgust,
distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise
Density of Neural Firing
Watson
fear, love, rage
Weiner & Graham
Attribution Independent
Chart taken with permisson from Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97,

20. Plutchik's Psycho- Evolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions
The concept of emotion is applicable
to all evolutionary levels and applies
to animals as well as to humans.
Emotion
serves an
adaptive role
in helping
organisms deal
with key survival
issues posed by the
environment.
There is a small
number of basic primary
or prototype emotions.
All other emotions are mixed
or derivative states; they occur
as combinations, mixtures, or
compounds of primary emotions.
Primary emotions can be
conceptualized as pairs of opposites.
All emotions vary in their degree
of similarity to each other.
Emotions have an evolutionary history
and have evolved various forms
of expression in different
species.
Despite different forms of
expression of emotions in
different species, there are
certain common elements, or
prototype patterns, that
can be identified.
Primary emotions are hypothethical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only
be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
Each emotion can exist in varying
degrees of intensity or levels of arousal. 2 1 10
Plutchik's Psycho-
Evolutionary Theory
of Basic Emotions
Has Ten Postulates 3 9 8 4 7 5 6
Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.

21. Differential Emotions Theory (Izard & Malatesta, 1987) Slide modelled after Farmer, Marion (2002) & #13 ■
Nine basic emotions: interest, joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear,
disgust, contempt, and shame.
Three components for each:
• Neural: each emotion is linked to a particular neural substratum.
• Motor-expressive: each is expressed in a distinct manner.
• Mental: each is associated with a specific feeling tone.
For each emotion the three components are innately linked and are
initially organised in a rigid, stereotypical manner.
Basic emotions all have unique adaptive value, biological functions,
and social functions.
Emotions emerge when they first become adaptive to the individual;
some are present at birth e.g. disgust.
Development of emotions takes place in synchrony with perceptual,
motor and cognitive development, but the link is indirect. The need for
new emotions emerges with new cognition, mobility, and perceptions.
The regulation of affect also moves through a development process.
Emotions constitute the primary motivation for human behavior.
Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early
emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed). Handbook of Infant Development. New York: Wiley Interscience. ■
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22. This theory has 4 problems.
Sight of oncoming car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
Physiological changes occur before
the emotion and create the feelings
we label as emotions: stimulating
situation → physiological changes
→ emotion labeling. A visceral
experience (gut reaction) is labeled
as an emotion. We have some
autonomic reactions to stimuli.
We observe these physical
sensations and label them as
feelings.
The visceral response may not
occur quickly enough to account
for sudden emotions
Research suggests that some visceral responses are not interpreted as emotions.
3. The range of emotions is broader and more complex than the range of gut reactions. But recent PET scans suggest physiological correlates of emotional states are more specific than once thought.
This theory has 4 problems.
4. Even though James predicted that the loss of bodily sensation through spinal injury would depress emotions, this is not the case. Some report an increase in emotional intensity.
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.

23. (Perception of Stimulus) Autonomic Nervous System
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This theory proposes that emotion-eliciting stimuli are relayed simultaneously to the cortex and organs of the sympathetic nervous system. When stimuli reach the thalamus, this part of the midbrain activates a physical reaction and an emotional response.
Pounding
Heart
(Arousal)
Sight of
Oncoming
Car
(Perception of Stimulus)
Autonomic Nervous System
Cerebral
CORTEX
Fear
(Emotion)
The thalamus is a crossroads for sensory pathways, and it simultaneously signals the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex. But the rest of the limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus and amygdala, are known to play a role in emotional responses. A physiological response and an emotional reaction may not be simultaneous.
Cannon-Bard theory

24. Opponent Process Theory
•    
Opponent Process Theory
Richard Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory states that once a particular emotional reaction has been activated, the brain tries to regain homeostasis by initiating the opposite reaction.
First Exposure }
Adaptation
A Response
A Response
B - Response }
Negative After Image
Stimulus
Later Exposure
A - Response
B - Response
Stimulus
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25. APPRAISAL THEORIES
Arnold (1960) introduced appraisal into psychology by describing it as the process by which a person determines the significance of their situation.
Appraisal gives rise to attraction or aversion, and emotion is equated with a "felt tendency toward anything intuitively appraised as good (beneficial), or away from anything intuitively appraised as bad (harmful)."
Lazarus (1991) said appraisals are necessary and sufficient for emotion, and he saw each emotion as being completely determined by the patterns of appraisal giving rise to them.
Appraisal theorists think the cognitive processes underlying emotion are conscious or unconscious, and propositional
or non-propositional.
Cognitivists say emotions involve propositional attitudes: one can't be angry unless another is guilty; one can't be envious unless another has something good.
By Ronald de Sousa, Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3-05

26. EMOTION Cognition: Appraisal Expression: Overt Physiology: Arousal
Expression – overt display – facial feedback hypothesis
Created by Dr. Gordon Vesselss 2005

27. Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer
Pounding
Heart
(Arousal)
Sight of
Oncoming
Car
(Perception
of Stimulus)
Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer
“two factor” or “social-environmental
context and arousal” theory
Fear
(emotion)
Cognitive
Label After
Appraising
Social-
Environmental
Context:
“I’m afraid”
This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus causes physiological arousal; this stimulus is considered in light of environmental and social cues. The arousal is then interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In other words, the environment, particularly the behavior of other people, is used to explain the physiological state. Events relevant to one’s well-being are important factors in determining their emotional response.
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.

28. Appraisal Theories
Arnold (1960) was concerned with the missing piece of the puzzle in explaining emotion.
What causes the reaction in the first place ?
He concluded there must be some sort of appraisal process by which we analyze a situation.
This produces an action tendency (bear → run).
Emotion is the outcome of this process.
He proposed that this is unconscious as it happens, but we should be able to reflect back on the appraisal process afterwards to examine what happened.
Arnold, M.B. (1960) Emotion and Personality. New York: Columbia University Press.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from Related MS word lecture at Written for use permission granted.

29. OCC Model Event, Agent, or Object of Appraisal Goals (events)
Ortony, Clore and Collins's theory proposes that the emotions we experience depend on what we focus on in situations. Emotions are seen as pos. or neg. reactions to things. They are descriptions
of a person's reaction to events, people, and objects in the environment. These appraisals are reactions to the environment.
This theory yields different types of emotions represented by token words. It makes a distinction between examining emotion words and examining the emotions. This circumplex approach focuses on emotion words and how they are used rather than on emotions and
how they are created.
OCC Model
Event, Agent,
or Object
of Appraisal
appraised in terms of
Goals (events)
Norms/Standards (agents’ actions)
Tastes/Attitude
(objects)
joy
distress
hope
anxiety
relief
optimism
anger
gratitude
gratification
remorse
vigilance
pride
shame
admiration
reproach
guilt
love
hate
Loathing
awe
interest
GOAL-BASED
EMOTIONS
COMPOUND
EMOTIONS
STANDARDS-BASED EMOTION
ATTITUDE-BASED
EMOTIONS
Ruebenstrunk, Gerd (n.d.). PPT slide found at used as a model by Vessels 2005.

30. Level of social support
Life events
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easygoing
Non-Depressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular Exercise
Good Nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor Nutrition
Level of social support
Close, Enduring
Lacking
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
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