1. Leadership
Ch 13
Part 2: April 17

2. Contingency Theories
Focus on which leadership styles are most effective under which conditions
1. Fiedler’s LPC theory
Leader traits & situational aspects are impt
Trait of most importance is your assessment of your Least Preferred Coworker (LPC)
Evaluate that personal favorably/unfavorably?

3. Is this viewed as a trait or state?
Low LPC = don’t like the person and evaluate them negatively (concern with what?)
High LPC = don’t like the person, but can see positive aspects (concern with what?)
Is this viewed as a trait or state?
Effectiveness of each LPC style depends on:
Leader-member relations
Degree of task structure
Leader’s position power

4. Fiedler’s LPC (cont.) Low LPC most effective when?
High LPC most effective when?

5. Applying LPC theory Match leader to situation; practical
Evaluation of theory –
Conclusions about leader effectiveness derived from many studies
Criticisms?

6. Normative Decision Theory (Vroom & Yago)
Another contingency theory, focused on styles of participative decision making
Prescriptive theory indicating which of 5 styles a leader should adopt based on decision tree
Autocratic (2 types)
Consultative (2 types)
Group decision (1 type)

7. Normative Decision Model
Decision Stylea
Definition AI
Leader makes the decision alone
AII
Leader asks for information from team members but makes the decision alone. Team members may or may not be informed what the situation is. CI
Leader shares situation with each team member and asks for information and evaluation. Team members do not meet as a team, and the leader alone makes the decision.
CII
Leader and team members meet as a team to discuss the situation, but the leader makes the decision. G
Leader and team members meet as a team to discuss the situation, and the team makes the decision.
aA = autocratic C = consultative G = group
Sources: V. H. Vroom and P. W. Yetton, Leadership and Decision-Making (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973); V. H. Vroom and A. G. Jago, The New Leadership: Managing Participation in Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988).
Adapted from Exhibit 11.6: Normative Decision-Making Model: Decision-Making Styles

8. Normative Decision Theory (cont.)
Follow decision tree, questions related to quality of decision needed and acceptance of decision
Evaluation of theory?

9. Self-Leadership
Idea that there are substitutes for leadership, may not need leader position anymore
What could substitute?
How well do these variables predict important outcomes?

10. Substitutes for Leadership
Ability, experience, training
Intrinsically satisfying task
Substitutes for leadership
Professional orientation
Ability, experience, training
Substitutes for Leadership
Professional orientation
Advisory or staff support
Intrinsically satisfying task
Advisory or staff support
Direct feedback from the task
Cohesive work group (with positive performance norms)
Cohesive work group (with positive performance norms
Direct feedback from the task
Adapted from Exhibit 11.8: Examples of Possible Substitutes for Leadership

11. Hogan & Kaiser (2005) article
‘Bright side’ and ‘Dark side’ of personality:
Bright: initial impressions, best social performance (interview)
Dark: let guard down (who actually comes to work)
Difficulty with identifying these tendencies?
‘Troubador’ and ‘Academic” research on leadership:
Troubador –
Academic –

12. (cont.) Leader Effectiveness:
They define leadership as the ability to build/maintain a group that performs well relative to competition.
How would they prefer to evaluate leaders?
Any focus on leader emergence?
Leader competencies can be explained by their model (Table 1 in article)

13. H & K’s Model 4 competencies:1) 2) 3) 4)
Developmental model (in above order); hierarchy of increasing trainability
Does leadership matter?
Affects culture of top mgmt team  business outcomes
Best predictor of employee satisfaction?

14. (cont.) Managerial incompetence:
Poor interpersonal skills
Unable to get work done
Unable to build a team
Unable to transition after promotion
Using DSM-IV to examine failures – 3 points 1) 2) 3)