1. Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets
Sudhir Venkatesh, Penguin Books, 2008

2. WHAT IS FIELD RESEARCH?
Field researchers directly observe and participate in natural social settings
Examine social world “up close”
Field researchers work w/ qualitative data
There are several kinds:
Ethnography
Participant observation
Informal “depth” interviews
Focus groups

3. 8 Stages of a Field Research Study
Preparing
Starting the research project
Being in the field
Developing strategies for success in the field
Observing and taking field notes
Conducting field interviews
Leaving the field
Writing the field research report

4. Robert
Taylor
Homes,
Chicago

5. Robert Taylor Homes

6. The “gallery”- Robert Taylor Homes

7. Power vs Authority (Weber)
power: the ability of an actor to realize his/her will in a social action, even against the will of other actors
power relates to the ability to command resources in a particular context
often relies on the use of force or coercion
authority: the probability that specific commands will be obeyed.
In other words, to have authority in a particular domain means that one's directives will be followed
authority is power + legitimacy

8. Weber’s definition of a state
A state (more commonly called gov’t) is the sovereign authority in a specified territory, with the right to use force both to maintain internal order and to defend its territory against aggression. Sovereignty, in turn, implies that the state is the ultimate authority in its territory, exercising legal jurisdiction over its citizens and the groups and organizations they form in the conduct of daily life. (Lechner & Boli, p. 219)

9. Does “culture” cause crime?
The "culture of poverty" perspective looks to cultural factors in order to account for persistent poverty. One early version of the theory attributed the persistence of a black urban underclass to "values" – such communities, it was said, did not value hard work, education, saving, and various other core American/middle-class values. More recently, scholars are taking another look at how culture and persistent poverty are enmeshed.

10. What about blocked access to the “American Dream”?
Or is the problem that Robert Taylor residents shared American values – the American dream – yet did not have the means to realize them?
According to "anomie theory" (an updated version of Durkheim's theory), when there's a mismatch between culturally accepted goals and the legitimate means to achieve them, anomie (or strain) will result
One response to anomie is "innovation," where people strive toward culturally prescribed goals, but by illegitimate (often criminal) means
Gangs are a typical example

11. Anomie theory (or strain theory)
Robert Merton’s anomie theory locates cause of deviance in a disjuncture (or mismatch) between culturally prescribed goals (values) and socially structured means (norms) to achieve them
Individuals in such a society must adapt to this mismatch, and some adaptations may lead to deviance
Members of classes or ethnic or racial groups that experience this disjuncture most acutely are more likely to make deviant adaptations

12. Modes of adaptation to anomie/strain
Values (goals) Norms (means)
1. Conformity
2. Innovation
3. Ritualism
4. Retreatism
5. Rebellion x x

13. Modes of adaptation are distinguished by responses to culturally prescribed goals (values) and socially structured means (norms)
Conformity: to conform to goals and means, and avoid becoming deviant
-most common response to strain in every society
Innovation: to strive toward culturally prescribed goals, but by illegitimate (often criminal) means
Ritualism: to conform to society’s norms (means) w/o expectation of achieving culturally prescribed goals (values)
Retreatism: to reject goals and means, withdraws emotionally, socially
Rebellion: to construct “a new social order” of goals and means to replace conventional values and norms