1. UNIT IV

2. WWII – EAST MEETS WEST
IVAN MEETS GI JOE X

3. THE CHANGING FACE OF CANADA
1950s WOMEN
(Stay-at-home, femininity,
resentment)
Read “When He Comes
Home From Work”
SUBURBS/ AUTOMOBILE
TV / CONSUMERS
(Ed Sullivan, Mickey, Roy Rogers)
(Appliances, Barbie, Sugar Cereals)
TEEN CULTURE
(Boomers, Guides/Scouts, Educated,
Rockers/Elvis - No hip shots),
IMMIGRATION
= 2 MILLION
1956 HUNGARIAN REV.
MASSEY COMMISSION
Protect Can.Identity
(CRTC, CBC, NFB)

4. THE IRON CURTAIN
Compare NATO & the Warsaw
Pact to the ‘Iron Curtain”

5. STATE OF THE WORLD As a nation did not exist. ‘Sectioned off’
A battered nation looking
For identity. (Ex. Vietnam)
In serious decline & as an
Empire, she was collapsing .
A crushed nation,
looking to rebuild.
In turmoil heading
to independence
Was in a civil war,
with Mao rising up
EASTERN EUROPE
Had been a major
Battlefield.
Rebuilding
Occupied by America.
Future unknown.

6. USSR Russia was spent; it would have lost war if not for USA/”Lend Lease.”
Controlled Eastern European
Nations and led them into
Communism.
Became a military giant, but
economically poor.
Did not have the A-Bomb
until 1949.
ABSOLUTE CONFORMITY
- Shot or imprisoned POWs
- Anti-Semitism for fear of
new Israel influencing Jews.
- Dismissed WW II heroes.
- Censorship.
- Eliminated rivals
Used its new found ‘Empire’
to develop resources.

7. USA The only nation to come out of war better-off than it went in.
½ World’s Manufacturing
Greatest exporter of goods
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Became the true ‘World Superpower.’
World’s strongest military.
Looked upon to lead the ‘Democratic Nations.
“New World Order” to benefit Capitalism.
The American perception of immortality would
Last right up until Korea & then further lowered
Her self esteem in Vietnam. (The Vietnam Syndrome)
Roosevelt

8. THE COLD WAR – THE BIPOLAR WORLD
After WW II, a war of propaganda and fear materialized
between the USA and the Soviet Union. No shots were
fired but the two superpowers stockpiled nuclear weapons.
THE ISSUES
Soviet Union vs. USA
East vs. West
Communism vs. Capitalism
Gov’t Control vs. Private Enterprise.
No Opposition vs. Basic Freedoms.
Soviet Expansion (E. Europe) = American Suspicion.
Vice-versa – Soviets feared US expansion.
Did ‘Nukes’
create peace?

9. KEY COLD WAR TERMS Domino Theory – If one country
falls to Comm..…the rest will.
Satellite States – Soviet control
of its Eastern States.
Iron Curtain – Separates E. Europe
(Commi) from W, Europe (Democracy)
Central Intelligence Agency – CIA
American espionage agency to find any
Threats to the US. (Today – terrorists)
National Security Council – Advised
US president on defence issues.

10. The Cold War

11. ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Divided Germany
ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL
Implemented to overlook this
Arrangement.
Note – USSR & France = Reparations

13. “Two halves of the same walnut”?
“Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples
undermine…. the security of the US”
Go Team!!
Want $$$?
TRUMAN DOCTRINE (Political)
Truman wanted to support ‘Free
People’ = ANTI-COMMUNISTS
Political, economic, & military aid
To ‘friends’ of the USA
“America’s Line In The Sand!”
Ex. Greece/Turkey = $$ to bail out
so no need to turn to USSR.
($400 Million)
MARSHALL PLAN (Economic)
The economic response to the threat
of communism.
Even the USSR inquired but couldn’t
meet the ‘freedom’ requirements.
$28 Billion spent – Most from USA
Communist take-over in 1948 (Czech.)
gave the Marshall Plan credibility.
“Two halves of the same walnut”?

14. BERLIN
Divided Germany
Divided Berlin

15. BERLIN (Truman Doctrine @ Work!!)
After WW II Germany was divided
between East & West.
- Berlin = also divided between East & West
- democratic city within E. Germany
1948 – Berlin Airlift. U.S. airlifted supplies.
- US $ & new democratic gov’t broke Yalta agreement.
=> Stalin was mad. 1. New Currency 2. B-29s in Britain)
East Germans built the Berlin Wall
-‘Wall of Shame’- to keep ‘fascism out.’ OR in?????
1990 – Berlin Wall crumbles.
“We are staying ,
period.”
Soviets – “What happens in Berlin happens in Europe”

16. WESTERN RESPONSES TO THE COLD WAR
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Org.)
(1949)
US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.
Attack one – Attack all!!
Soviets responded with
‘The Warsaw Pact’(1951).
St. Laurent pushed for Canada’s
middle power involvement.
Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.
Smart??? Independence???
U.S. Marshal Plan
$ to help poor European Nations

17. COLD WAR AT HOME DUCK & COVER Gouzenko’s story sparked fear:
- Bomb Shelters
- Civil Defence Plans
- “Duck & Cover” campaigns
- The “Red Mennace”
- McCarthy’s ‘Witch-hunts’(USA)
- Can. refused to outlaw
Communism.
DUCK & COVER VIDEO
Alger Hiss – Russian
Spy in USA????
Klaus Fuchs – Physicist
selling secrets to USSR
from Britain
1949 – USSR
Gets A-Bomb
Igor Gouzenko – Russian spy who came
forward to notify authorities – no one
believed him at first. Atomic secrets.

18. SOCIAL CONFLICTS
Red Dawn

19. WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)
NORAD
(North American Aerospace
Defence Command)
Defienbaker committed to a joined US/Can.
fighter force, missile bases, & air defence.
NORAD - Today
US military in Can. caused
many Canadians alarm.
DEW
(Distant Early Warning Sign)
A joint system of radar was put in place to
warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.
- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.

20. PLANNING FOR PEACE THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
Collective Security - Formed after WW II to
keep peace
Two bodies: General Assembly (all members)
Security Council. (Super Powers)
The Security Councils ‘veto’
- prevented effectiveness
- the Soviets vetoed 75 of the 78 times.
The UN also pledged to abolish
disease, famine & help improve
human rights. (WHO, UNICEF, IMO)
Canada involved in almost every
UN operation since 1956.
League of Nations
Approximately 200 Member States (192)

21. THE KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 SOUTH KOREA
USA liberated South from Japanese Rule.
Supported corrupt democratic gov’t
(Syngman Rhee)
Truman declares
the Truman Doctrine
applies in Asia.
NORTH KOREA
Soviets liberated the
North from Japanese
rule.
North invades South.
North captures everything North of
Pusan.
=> UN helps
South!!
Why??? Veto??
38th Parallel
Tensions rose but USA &
USSR did little to help
Japan

22. THE KOREAN CONFLICT UN was able to help south because of
USSR boycott due to no
Communist Chinese seat)
- Although UN sanctioned = Led by USA.
MacArthur regained S. & kept going.
Truman’s fears: 1. China.
2. Russian retaliation in Europe.
China Enters: Push Amer. back past the 38th.
- Truman/MacArthur talk ‘Nukes.’
- Truman & Atlee reconsider.
Truman / MacArthur Split!!
- Truman containment / MacArthur Nukes
- Truman fires MacArthur (USA loves MacA.)
Gen. MacArthur
Note – Truman = Liberation vs. Containment??
“Canada’s Forgotten War”
Wounded in
action story.

23. KOREA REMAINS SPLIT 1952 Dwight Eisenhower became US president.
1953 = Ceasefire – Border remains 38th Parallel.
Note – Anti-Communist John Foster Dulles threatened
China with Nukes if POWs not returned.
- Peace talks dragged on for years.
STAY TUNED => Vietnam 1960s.
Eventually Americans gave into containment.
Other Alliances to promote containment include:
- NATO – W. Europe / N. America
- OAS – Latin Amer. / USA
- ANZUS – New Zealand / Aussies / USA
- SEATO – S. East Asia
- CENTO – USA / Mid. East
KOREA
2012
Kim Jong Un

24. THE WARSAW PACT DE-STALINIZATION MALENKOV Replaced Stalin Until 1955
KHRUSHCHEV
Took over & Started
De-Stalinization
( )
STALIN
Died in 1953
DE-STALINIZATION
Khrushchev relaxed relations with the Soviet satellite states.
Stalin = Harsh measures / Complete Conformity
Brought Satellites into THE WARSAW PACT
(alliance vs. dictatorship)

25. PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE Khrushchev (1956) openly stated USSR to globally compete with USA USA responded with Eisenhower Doctrine – Force in Mid East against Communism
Was Peaceful Co-existence meant to be aggressive or peaceful?
Aggressive
USSR broke Baghdad Pact
(CENTO) – sold arms to Czechs
& Egyptians.
Influence/Force in Middle East
Visited ‘friendlies’; India, Afghan
Burma.
Cuban Missile Crisis (More to come)
Khrushchev’s speech
“We will bury you”
Peaceful
Moved away from stand-offs like
Korea & Berlin airlift (1948).
Space race not aggressive??
Visited USA to smooth differences.
- Caused Sino-Soviet split
(China/Russian Split)
Would be the start of Détente
(More to Come)
1961 = Berlin Wall???

26. THE KHRUSHCHEV ERA SUEZ CANAL CRISIS – (1956) Nasser takes power &
accepts Communist arms.
- West pulls dam $$$.
Nasser took over Canal.
Brt., Fr., Israel =
‘Operation Musketeer’
Soviets defended Egypt (Bomb??).
USA angry & caught in Middle
PM Pearson initiated
UN peacekeeping.
Egypt and the
Suez Canal
PM Pearson awarded
Nobel Peace Prize

27. ATTEMPTS AT BREAKING SOVIET DOMINANCE
HUNGARY – 1956
Harsh Communist Rakosi out
& once imprisoned Nagy in.
Pressured by the people he made anti-
Soviet demands & wanted out of
the Warsaw Pact.
Soviet tanks rolled in (30,000 dead).
Nagy out & Pro-Soviet Kadar in.
USA not welcome in Soviet
“Backyard.”
POLAND – 1956
Strikers had enough & demanded
more freedoms.
Gomulka (Jailed by Stalin) put in power.
Stayed part of Commi Bloc but eased
restrictions.
1. De-collectivized agriculture
2. Allowed Catholicism
Nagy
Gomulka
Khrushchev Era
PRAGUE – 1968
NOTE - Czech. was democratic after WWI.
In 1968, Dubcek replaced Stalinist Novotny.
“Socialism with a Human Face” – Freedoms with socialism (travel/elections/media)
Romania was tempted to follow as well.
Romania’s Mov’t threatened splitting Warsaw Pact!!!
Soviets invaded => Dubcek out => Husak In / Back to old ways
Breshnev Doctrine – (Soviet president )
Use force to protect Socialism
Dubcek
GOLDEN RULE –
Don’t break Warsaw Pact
E. Bloc
Nations
“Coming Soon”– 1989 Poland breaks free
& “The Walls Come Tumbling Down”
Soviet Prez.
Breshnev

28. KHRUSHCHEV CONTINUED THE BERLIN WALL 1961 E. Germ were leaving to W.
-“Brain Drain”
Embarrassment 4 Soviets.
Kennedy pushed harder
Khrushchev built a wall.
“Shoot to Kill Guards.”
US could do nothing but watch
Both Kennedy & Khrushchev
seen as soft.
Khrushchev tests 58 Megaton
bomb.(2900 x Hiroshima)
SPUTNIK (1957)
USSR beat USA to space.
size of B-Ball & beeped???
Amer. knew missiles = next.
No defence from missiles.
US adapted schools etc.
Sputnik II
U-2 INCIDENT
- US spy planes over USSR.
USSR finally shot 1 down.
Summit Conference –
Khrushchev refused
to meet until US
apologized.

29. Nationalized Pro-US Cuba
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
Cuban Cigars
1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US dictator Batista.
US Reaction – Trade Sanctions imposed.
1961 – Kennedy approves Bay of Pigs invasion.
Cuban Reaction – Turn to USSR for help
1962 – US surveillance (U-2)shows Soviet Missiles
US Reaction – Naval & Air Blockade
3 CHOICES: 1.Bomb Missiles 2. Invade 3. Negotiate
Khrushchev refused to remove missiles.
WAR????? US & USSR = ALERT
CONCLUSION – USSR removes missiles but
US must agree not to invade Cuba (Missiles out of Turkey?? / Not Public)
Fidel Castro
Nationalized Pro-US Cuba
BRINKMANSHIP
CANADA
- Asked for UN checks before
total commitment .
US upset and questioned
Canada’s loyalty to NORAD
80% of Canadians felt ‘Dief’
was wrong.
PM Diefenbaker

30. SIGNIFICANCE OF CUBA 1. DIRECT & MILITARY
SIGNIFICANCE OF CUBA 1. DIRECT & MILITARY - For 1st time did not involve ‘Client States’ 2.NUCLEAR FORCE - ALL about ‘Nukes’ 3.BRINKMANSHIP - Taking events to the ‘edge.’
RESULTS OF CUBA
Direct Link Phone Lines – Communication
Scared both Kennedy & Khrushchev / (Note- Kennedy assassinated in 1963)
Led to Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty
Cuba = Soviet Satellite State
Would lead to Khrushchev’s dismissal

31. THE NUCLEAR AGE H-BOMB – 2900 x greater than Hiroshima A-Bomb.
PEACENIKS – Anti-war, Anti-weapons movements
“GUNS & BUTTER”- Nukes took $ away from economy.
USSR society suffered – Could not afford luxury & Nukes.
“HAWKS”- Nukes became an election issue – “Our way is better”
NUKES = PEACE
MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction
SAC – Strategic Air Command – USA = 24 Hr planes with Nukes
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS – Not Nukes / USSR = more
PRE-EMPTIVE STRIKE – A surprise nuke attack / The Great Fear
ICBM – Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
– Rocket with Nuke / No Defence

32. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (France/W
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (France/W. Germany/Italy/Belgium/Netherlands/Luxembourg0
An attempt to bring the European community into an economic alliance.
Three main goals:
1. Limit the effects of nationalism
- Council of Europe 1949 – promote unity/rights
2. Establish a Free Trade Bloc
- Schuman Plan 1950 – Unite steel & coal plans.
- Euratom 1957 – Nuclear power to lower Arab Oil.
3. Establish a common front against Communism.
- European Defence Community
Rivaled E. Blocs Comecon. (See Map)
NOTE – Britain was first denied as too close to USA.
- Later Brt., Denmark, Ireland, & Norway joined as EEC boomed

33. JFK / OSWALD Why assassinated? Obama of the 60s. Three shot theory:
CIA / Mafia / Russia / Cuba / Banks - Bush
Grassy knoll theory
Three shot theory:
1. Missed
2. Head /Kill-Shot
3. Magic Bullet
Bullet fragment found pristine.
Jack Ruby
Died of lung cancer
Lee Harvey Oswald
Acting Alone??
Police announced time etc.??

34. VIETNAM WAR - BACKGROUND
Prior to WWII Vietnam was an Ex-French Colony
During WWII Ho Chi Min fought the Japanese.
After WWII France wanted Vietnam back.
BUT Vietnamese DID NOT want France back!!
A war of decolonization broke out ( )
Note – Not a war of Communism!!!!
After French loss at Dien Bien Phu,
Phase I of Vietnam was over
N.= Commi / S.=Democratic-Dictator (Diem)
1954 Geneva Agreement = 1956 unity elections (X)
Laos & Cambodia = Independence
USA feared Domino Effect / Phase II
1st =Advisors=>Supplies=>60s = Soldiers.
USSR & China sent weapons & aid to North
Formerly known as
Fr. Indo-China
Diem
‘Corrupt’

35. VIETNAM WAR / AMERICAN REACTION (1961-73)
Ho Chi Minh Trail
VIETNAM WAR / AMERICAN REACTION ( )
Why was the USA committed?
SEATO / Domino Theory / Red Menace /
Containment in Korea /
Was the US committed to a fault?
Diem corrupt / Amer. Advisors = no win
Many locals supported National Liberation Front (NLF)
& Vietcong / No presence shows weakness.
More bombs dropped on Vietnam
Than all of WWII combined.
US did not know enemy from friendly

36. AMERICAN TIMELINE 1946-54 – Supported French - advisors etc.
Kennedy =
Soldiers to help Diem.
Diem booted (US help)
Thieu in power.
Gulf of Tonkin incident
- US = more Air & Troops
by 1968.
Nixon in power
- Vietnamization
Viet Cong
sank US ship
Thieu
From 1 corrupt
leader to the
Next.
Diem
Tet Offensive turned public

37. EFFECTS OF VIETNAM THE COST OF WAR AGENT ORANGE - $150 Billion
- 2 million soldiers sent
dead
- US world prestige gone
‘Vietnam Syndrome’
- People questioned gov’ts
Agent Orange
Pre-Natal
Exposure
THE DRAFT
FIRST TV WAR
Turned The American public.
CANADA’S REACTION
50/50 => Anti-war
Opted out – Volunteers to US
Anti-Draft groups for Draft-dodgers
US questioned Canada’s loyalty
Pearson / Johnson feud after US bombs

38. VIETNAM TODAY A One Party Socialist State Despite American loss the Domino Theory did not hold true. Communism did not spread. Outside French-Indo China. Today both Laos & Cambodia
remain democratic.
NIXON & WATERGATE
During 1972 election (the term
After Nixon installed
Vietnamization) two
of his Republicans
caught planting ‘bugs’
in Democrat office.
Nixon swore innocence!!
“I am not a crook”
1974 eveidence proved he
Was a criminal & he resigned.
Biggest political scandal
Ever proved.

39. Member Republics = Independence
1980s COLD WAR
THE END
OF THE
COLD WAR
Mid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR could not keep pace ($$$)
- Proposed massive cuts
- Perestroika – Reconstruction
- Glasnost – Openess
- Encourage other Soviet Bloc
nations to follow.
1991 USSR had collapsed.
Member Republics = Independence
Yeltsin = Democracy
COLD WAR CONTINUES
Note – In 1970s USSR winning arms race; 1980s Reagan
was to change that.
USA - increases budget
- Supported questionable right wing gov’ts
-Nicaragua - US supported Contras????
USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles.
EVENTS – USSR shoots down S. Korean
airliner over Soviet airspace.
- USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean)
CANADA – Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint.
Mulroney forge closer US ties.
1983 Strategic Defence Initiative
(‘Star Wars’)
Can. Eventually backed out.
Too much $ & US ties.
Soviets criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’
1990 – Berlin Wall Crumbles
CHINA
Encouraged Peresroika
=> Capitalism
Freedoms crushed in
Tianaanmen
Square