Rate of Improvement Calculation and Decision Making

Rate of Improvement Calculation and Decision Making
Caitlin S. Flinn, EdS, NCSP Andrew E. McCrea, MS, NCSP

Why we’re here… While there exists a wealth of convincing research supporting the implementation of a response-to-intervention (RtI) framework, there are many questions yet to be empirically answered. Within multi-tiered model of assessment and instruction/intervention, how do we know whether a student is learning?

Measuring Learning Class tests Quizzes
Assignment/homework completion and accuracy Ask students questions in class Grades/report cards State/local assessments Universal screening, benchmark assessments Progress monitoring

With Progress Monitoring Data…
How do we know if a student is learning? Look at the data points Where are they on the graph? Are the data points getting closer to the goal or benchmark? Is there a way to measure growth? Make an aimline toward goal Look to see where data points are compared to aimline Calculate Rate of Improvement (RoI)

Today’s Objectives Explain what RoI is, why it is important, and how to compute it. Establish that Simple Linear Regression should be the standardized procedure for calculating RoI. Discuss how to use RoI within a problem solving/school improvement model.

RoI Definition Rate of Improvement can be described algebraically as the slope of a line Slope is defined as: the vertical change over the horizontal change on a Cartesian plane. (x-axis and y-axis graph) Also called: Rise over run Formula: m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) Describes the steepness of a line (Gall & Gall, 2007)

RoI Definition Finding a student’s RoI is determining the student’s learning Creating a line that fits the data points, a trendline To find that line, we use: Linear regression Ordinary Least Squares

How does Rate of Improvement Fit into the Larger Context?

School Improvement/Comprehensive School Reform
Response to Intervention Dual Discrepancy: Level & Growth Rate of Improvement

School Improvement/ Comprehensive School Reform
Grade level content expectations (ELA, math, science, social studies, etc.). Work toward these expectations through classroom instruction. Understand impact of instruction through assessment.

Assessment Formative Assessments/High Stakes Tests
Does student have command of content expectation (standard)? Universal Screening using CBM Does student have basic skills appropriate for age/grade?

Assessment Q: For students who are not proficient on grade level content standards, do they have the basic reading/writing/math skills necessary? A: Look at Universal Screening; if above criteria, intervention geared toward content standard, if below criteria, intervention geared toward basic skill.

Progress Monitoring Frequent measurement of knowledge to inform our understanding of the impact of instruction/intervention. Measures of basic skills (CBM) have demonstrated reliability & validity (see table at

Classroom Instruction (Content Expectations)
Measure Impact (Test) Proficient! Non Proficient Use Diagnostic Test to Differentiate Content Need? Basic Skill Need? Intervention Progress Monitor Intervention Progress Monitor With CBM If CBM is Appropriate Measure Rate of Improvement

So… Rate of Improvement (RoI) is how we understand student growth (learning). RoI is reliable and valid (psychometrically speaking) for use with CBM data. RoI is best used when we have CBM data, most often when dealing with basic skills in reading/writing/math. RoI can be applied to other data (like behavior) with confidence too! RoI is not yet tested on typical Tier I formative classroom data.

RoI is usually applied to…
Tier One students in the early grades at risk for academic failure (low green kids). Tier Two & Three Intervention Groups. Special Education Students (and IEP goals) Students with Behavior Plans Love the tractor

RoI Foundations Deno, 1985 Curriculum-based measurement
General outcome measures Technically adequate Short Standardized Repeatable Sensitive to change

RoI Foundations Fuchs & Fuchs, 1998
Hallmark components of Response to Intervention Ongoing formative assessment Identifying non-responding students Treatment fidelity of instruction Dual discrepancy model One standard deviation from typically performing peers in level and rate

RoI Foundations Ardoin & Christ, 2008
Slope for benchmarks (3x per year) More growth from fall to winter than winter to spring Might be helpful to use RoI for fall to winter And a separate RoI for winter to spring

RoI Foundations Fuchs, Fuchs, Walz, & Germann, 1993
Typical weekly growth rates in oral reading fluency and digits correct Needed growth to remediate skills Students who had 1.5 to 2.0 times the slope of typically performing peers were able to close the achievement gap in a reasonable amount of time

RoI Foundations Deno, Fuchs, Marston, & Shin, 2001
Slope of frequently non-responsive children approximated slope of children already identified as having a specific learning disability

How many data points? 10 data points are a minimum requirement for a reliable trendline (Gall & Gall, 2007) Is that reasonable and realistic? How does that affect the frequency of administering progress monitoring probes? How does that affect our ability to make instructional decisions for students?

How can we show RoI? Speeches that included visuals, especially in color, improved recall of information (Vogel, Dickson, & Lehman, 1990) “Seeing is believing.” Useful for communicating large amounts of information quickly “A picture is worth a thousand words.” Transcends language barriers (Karwowski, 2006) Responsibility for accurate graphical representations of data

Skills for Which We Compute RoI
Reading Oral Reading Fluency Word Use Fluency Reading Comprehension MAZE Retell Early Literacy Skills Initial Sound Letter Naming Letter Sound Phoneme Segmentation Nonsense Word Spelling Written Expression Behavior Math Math Computation Math Facts Early Numeracy Oral Counting Missing Number Number Identification Quantity Discrimination

Guidelines? Visual inspection of slope Multiple interpretations
Instructional services Need for explicit guidelines

Ongoing Research RoI for instructional decisions is not a perfect process Research is currently addressing sources of error: Christ, 2006: standard error of measurement for slope Ardoin & Christ, 2009: passage difficulty and variability Jenkin, Graff, & Miglioretti, 2009: frequency of progress monitoring

Future Considerations
Questions yet to be empirically answered What parameters of RoI indicate a lack of RtI? How does standard error of measurement play into using RoI for instructional decision making? How does RoI vary between standard protocol interventions? How does this apply to non-English speaking populations?

How is RoI Calculated? Which way is best?

Multiple Methods for Calculating Growth
Visual Inspection Approaches “Eye Ball” Approach Split Middle Approach Tukey Method Quantitative Approaches Last point minus First point Approach Split Middle & Tukey “plus” Linear Regression Approach

The Visual Inspection Approaches

Eye Ball Approach

Split Middle Approach Drawing “through the two points obtained from the median data values and the median days when the data are divided into two sections” (Shinn, Good, & Stein, 1989).

Split Middle X(14) X (9) X(9)

Tukey Method Divide scores into 3 equal groups
Divide groups with vertical lines In 1st and 3rd groups, find median data point and median week and mark with an “X” Draw line between two “Xs” (Fuchs, et. al., Summer Institute Student progress monitoring for math.

Tukey Method X(14) X(8)

The Quantitative Approaches

Last minus First Iris Center: last probe score minus first probe score over last administration period minus first administration period. Y2-Y1/X2-X1= RoI

Last minus First

Split Middle “Plus” X(14) X(9) (14-9)/8=0.63

Tukey Method “Plus” X(14) X(8) (14-8)/8=0.75

Linear Regression

Any Method of Visual Inspection
RoI Consistency? Any Method of Visual Inspection ??? Last minus First 0.75 Split Middle “Plus” 0.63 Tukey “Plus” Linear Regression 1.10

RoI Consistency? If we are not all using the same model to compute RoI, we continue to have the same problems as past models, where under one approach a student meets SLD criteria, but under a different approach, the student does not. Hypothetically, if the RoI cut-off was 0.65 or 0.95, different approaches would come to different conclusions on the same student.

Difference in RoI b/w LmF & LR Methods
RoI Consistency? Last minus First (Iris Center) and Linear Regression (Shinn, etc.) only quantitative methods discussed in CBM literature. Study of 37 at risk 2nd graders: Difference in RoI b/w LmF & LR Methods Whole Year 0.26 WCPM Fall 0.31 WCPM Spring 0.24 WCPM McCrea (2010) Unpublished data

Technical Adequacy Without a consensus on how to compute RoI, we risk falling short of having technical adequacy within our model.

So, Which RoI Method is Best?

Literature shows that Linear Regression is Best Practice
Student’s daily test scores…were entered into a computer program…The data analysis program generated slopes of improvement for each level using an Ordinary-Least Squares procedure (Hayes, 1973) and the line of best fit. This procedure has been demonstrated to represent CBM achievement data validly within individual treatment phases (Marston, 1988; Shinn, Good, & Stein, in press; Stein, 1987). Shinn, Gleason, & Tindal, 1989

Growth (RoI) Research using Linear Regression
Christ, T. J. (2006). Short-term estimates of growth using curriculum based measurement of oral reading fluency: Estimating standard error of the slope to construct confidence intervals. School Psychology Review, 35, Deno, S. L., Fuchs, L. S., Marston, D., & Shin, J. (2001). Using curriculum based measurement to establish growth standards for students with learning disabilities. School Psychology Review, 30, Good, R. H. (1990). Forecasting accuracy of slope estimates for reading curriculum based measurement: Empirical evidence. Behavioral Assessment, 12, Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L., Walz, L. & Germann, G. (1993). Formative evaluation of academic progress: How much growth can we expect? School Psychology Review, 22,

Growth (RoI) Research using Linear Regression
Jenkins, J. R., Graff, J. J., & Miglioretti, D.L. (2009). Estimating reading growth using intermittent CBM progress monitoring. Exceptional Children, 75, Shinn, M. R., Gleason, M. M., & Tindal, G. (1989). Varying the difficulty of testing materials: Implications for curriculum-based measurement. The Journal of Special Education, 23, Shinn, M. R., Good, R. H., & Stein, S. (1989). Summarizing trend in student achievement: A comparison of methods. School Psychology Review, 18,

So, Why Are There So Many Other RoI Models?
Ease of application Focus on Yes/No to goal acquisition, not degree of growth How many of us want to calculate OLS Linear Regression formulas (or even remember how)?

Pros and Cons of Each Approach
Eye Ball Easy Understandable Subjective Split Middle & Tukey No software needed Compare to Aim/Goal line Yes/No to goal acquisition No statistic provided, no idea of the degree of growth

Pros and Cons of Each Approach
Last minus First Provides a growth statistic Easy to compute Does not consider all data points, only two Split Middle & Tukey “Plus” Considers all data points. No support for “plus” part of methodology Linear Regression All data points Best Practice Calculating the statistic

An Easy and Applicable Solution

Get Out Your Laptops! Open Microsoft Excel I love ROI

Graphing RoI For Individual Students
Programming Microsoft Excel to Graph Rate of Improvement: Fall to Winter

Setting Up Your Spreadsheet
In cell A1, type 3rd Grade ORF In cell A2, type First Semester In cell A3, type School Week In cell A4, type Benchmark In cell A5, type the Student’s Name (Swiper Example)

Labeling School Weeks Starting with cell B3, type numbers 1 through 18 going across row 3 (horizontal). Numbers 1 through 18 represent the number of the school week. You will end with week 18 in cell S3. Why 18? That’s half of a school year.

Labeling Dates Note: You may choose to enter the date of that school week across row 2 to easily identify the school week.

Entering Benchmarks (3rd Grade ORF)
In cell B4, type 77. This is your fall benchmark. In cell S4, type 92. This is your winter benchmark.

Entering Student Data (Sample)
Enter the following numbers, going across row 5, under corresponding week numbers. Week 1 – 41 Week 8 – 62 Week 9 – 63 Week 10 – 75 Week 11 – 64 Week 12 – 80 Week 13 – 83 Week 14 – 83 Week 15 – 56 Week 17 – 104 Week 18 – 74

*CAUTION* If a student was not assessed during a certain week, leave that cell blank Do not enter a score of Zero (0) it will be calculated into the trendline and interpreted as the student having read zero words correct per minute during that week.

Graphing the Data Highlight cells A4 and A5 through S4 and S5
Follow Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 directions from here

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007
Across the top of your worksheet, click on “Insert” In that drop-down menu, click on “Chart” Excel 2007 Click Insert Find the icon for Line Click the arrow below Line

A Chart Wizard window will appear Excel 2007 6 graphics appear

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 Choose “Line”
Choose “Line with markers…” Excel 2007 Choose “Line with markers”

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 “Data Range” tab “Columns”
Your graph appears

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 “Chart Title”
“School Week” X Axis “WPM’ Y Axis Excel 2007 Change your labels by right clicking on the graph

Choose where you want your graph Excel 2007 Your graph was automatically put into your data spreadsheet

Graphing the Trendline
Excel 2003 Right click on any of the student data points Excel 2007

Excel 2003 Choose “Linear” Excel 2007

Excel 2003 Choose “Custom” and check box next to “Display equation on chart” Excel 2007

Clicking on the equation highlights a box around it Clicking on the box allows you to move it to a place where you can see it better

You can repeat the same procedure to have a trendline for the benchmark data points Suggestion: label the trendline Expected ROI Move this equation under the first

Individual Student Graph: Fall to Winter

Individual Student Graph
The equation indicates the slope, or rate of improvement. The number, or coefficient, before "x" is the average improvement, which in this case is the average number of words per minute per week gained by the student.

The rate of improvement, or trendline, is calculated using a linear regression, a simple equation of least squares. To add additional progress monitoring/benchmark scores once you’ve already created a graph, enter additional scores in Row 5 in the corresponding school week.

The slope can change depending on which week (where) you put the benchmark scores on your chart. Enter benchmark scores based on when your school administers their benchmark assessments for the most accurate depiction of expected student progress.

Programming Excel First Semester
Calculating Needed RoI Calculating Benchmark RoI Calculating Student’s Actual RoI

Quick Definitions Needed RoI Benchmark RoI Student’s Actual RoI
The rate of improvement needed to “catch” up to the next benchmark. Benchmark RoI The rate of improvement of typically performing peers according to the norms Student’s Actual RoI Based on the available data points, this is the student’s actual rate of improvement per week

Calculating Needed RoI
In cell T3, type Needed RoI Click on cell T5 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =((S4-B5)/18) Then hit enter Your result should read: This formula simply subtracts the student’s actual beginning of year (BOY) benchmark from the expected middle of year (MOY) benchmark, then dividing by 18 for the first 18 weeks (1st semester).

Calculating Benchmark RoI
In cell U3, type Benchmark RoI Click on cell U4 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =SLOPE(B4:S4,B3:S3) Then hit enter Your result should read: This formula considers 18 weeks of benchmark data and provides an average growth or change per week.

Calculating Student Actual RoI
Click on cell U5 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =SLOPE(B5:S5,B3:S3) Then hit enter Your result should read: This formula considers 18 weeks of student data and provides an average growth or change per week.

Graphing RoI For Individual Students
Programming Microsoft Excel to Graph Rate of Improvement: Winter to Spring

Setting Up Your Spreadsheet
In cell A1, type 3rd Grade ORF In cell A2, type Second Semester In cell A3, type School Week In cell A4, type Benchmark In cell A5, type the Student’s Name (Swiper Example)

Labeling School Weeks Starting with cell B3, type numbers 1 through 18 going across row 3 (horizontal). Numbers 1 through 18 represent the number of the school week. You will end with week 18 in cell S3.

Labeling Dates Note: You may choose to enter the date of that school week across row 2 to easily identify the school week.

Entering Benchmarks (3rd Grade ORF)
In cell B4, type 92. This is your fall benchmark. In cell S4, type 110. This is your winter benchmark.

Entering Student Data (Sample)
Enter the following numbers, going across row 5, under corresponding week numbers. Week 1 – 74 Week 3 – 85 Week 4 – 89 Week 5 – 69 Week 6 – 85 Week 7 – 96 Week 8 – 90 Week 9 – 84 Week 10 – 106 Week 11 – 94 Week 15 – 100

*CAUTION* If a student was not assessed during a certain week, what do you put in that cell? Why?

Graphing the Data Highlight cells A4 and A5 through S4 and S5
Follow Excel 2003 or Excel 2007 directions from here

Across the top of your worksheet, click on “Insert” In that drop-down menu, click on “Chart” Excel 2007 Click Insert Find the icon for Line Click the arrow below Line

A Chart Wizard window will appear Excel 2007 6 graphics appear

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 Choose “Line”
Choose “Line with markers…” Excel 2007 Choose “Line with markers”

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 “Data Range” tab “Columns”
Your graph appears

Graphing the Data Excel 2003 Excel 2007 “Chart Title”
“School Week” X Axis “WPM’ Y Axis Excel 2007 Change your labels by right clicking on the graph

Choose where you want your graph Excel 2007 Your graph was automatically put into your data spreadsheet

Excel 2003 Right click on any of the student data points Excel 2007

Excel 2003 Choose “Linear” Excel 2007

Excel 2003 Choose “Custom” and check box next to “Display equation on chart” Excel 2007

Clicking on the equation highlights a box around it Clicking on the box allows you to move it to a place where you can see it better

You can repeat the same procedure to have a trendline for the benchmark data points Suggestion: label the trendline Expected ROI Move this equation under the first

Challenge! What was the first equation?
What is the slope of that equation? What was the second equation? Describe the achievement gap at the end of the school year.

Programming Excel Second Semester
Calculating Needed RoI Calculating Benchmark RoI Calculating Student’s Actual RoI

Calculating Needed RoI
In cell T3, type Needed RoI Click on cell T5 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =((S4-B5)/18) Then hit enter Your result is _____ ? This formula simply subtracts the student’s actual middle of year (MOY) benchmark from the expected end of year (EOY) benchmark, then dividing by 18 for the first 18 weeks (1st semester). 2

Calculating Benchmark RoI
In cell U3, type Benchmark RoI Click on cell U4 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =SLOPE(B4:S4,B3:S3) Then hit enter Your result should read: ____? This formula considers 18 weeks of benchmark data and provides an average growth or change per week.

Calculating Student Actual RoI
Click on cell U5 In the fx line (at top of sheet) type this formula =SLOPE(B5:S5,B3:S3) Then hit enter Your result should read: 1.89 This formula considers 18 weeks of student data and provides an average growth or change per week.

Assuming Linear Growth…
Why Graph only 18 Weeks at a Time? Assuming Linear Growth… …Finding Curve-linear Growth

Non-Educational Example of Curve-linear Growth

Academic Example of Curvilinear Growth

McCrea, 2010 Looked at Rate of Improvement in small 2nd grade sample
Found differences in RoI when computed for fall and spring: Ave RoI for fall: WCPM Ave RoI for spring: 1.21 WCPM

Ardoin & Christ, 2008 Slope for benchmarks (3x per year)
More growth from fall to winter than winter to spring

Christ, Yeo, & Silberglitt, in press
Growth across benchmarks (3X per year) More growth from fall to winter than winter to spring Disaggregated special education population

Graney, Missall, & Martinez, 2009
Growth across benchmarks (3X per year) More growth from winter to spring than fall to winter with R-CBM.

Fien, Park, Smith, & Baker, 2010 Investigated relationship b/w NWF gains and ORF/Comprehension Found greater NWF gains in fall than in spring.

DIBELS (6th) ORF Change in Criteria
Fall to Winter Winter to Spring 2nd 24 22 3rd 15 18 4th 13 5th 11 9 6th 5

AIMSweb Norms 1st 18 31 2nd 25 17 3rd 22 15 4th 16 13 5th 6th 12
Based on 50th Percentile Fall to Winter Winter to Spring 1st 18 31 2nd 25 17 3rd 22 15 4th 16 13 5th 6th 12

Speculation as to why Differences in RoI within the Year
Relax instruction after high stakes testing in March/April; a PSSA effect. Depressed BOY benchmark scores due to summer break; a rebound effect (Clemens). Instructional variables could explain differences in Graney (2009) and Ardoin (2008) & Christ (in press) results (Silberglitt). Variability within progress monitoring probes (Ardoin & Christ, 2008) (Lent).

within a Problem-Solving Model
ROI as a Decision Tool within a Problem-Solving Model

Steps Gather the data Ground the data & set goals Interpret the data
Figure out how to fit Best Practice into Public Education

Universal Screening Progress Monitoring
Step 1: Gather Data Universal Screening Progress Monitoring

Common Screenings in PA
DIBELS AIMSweb MBSP 4Sight PSSA

Validated Progress Monitoring Tools
DIBELS AIMSweb MBSP

Step 2: Ground the Data 1) To what will we compare our student growth data? 2) How will we set goals?

Multiple Ways to Look at Growth
Needed Growth Expected Growth & Percent of Expected Growth Fuchs et. al. (1993) Table of Realistic and Ambitious Growth Growth Toward Individual Goal* *Best Practices in Setting Progress Monitoring Goals for Academic Skill Improvement (Shapiro, 2008)

Needed Growth Difference between student’s BOY (or MOY) score and benchmark score at MOY (or EOY). Example: MOY ORF = 10, EOY benchmark is 40, 18 weeks of instruction (40-10/18=1.67). Student must gain 1.67 wcpm per week to make EOY benchmark.

Expected Growth Difference between two benchmarks.
Example: MOY benchmark is 20, EOY benchmark is 40, expected growth (40-20)/18 weeks of instruction = 1.11 wcpm per week.

Looking at Percent of Expected Growth
Tier I Tier II Tier III Greater than 150% Between 110% & 150% Possible LD Between 95% & 110% Likely LD Between 80% & 95% May Need More Below 80% Needs More Tigard-Tualatin School District (

Oral Reading Fluency Adequate Response Table
Realistic Growth Ambitious Growth 1st 2.0 3.0 2nd 1.5 3rd 1.0 4th 0.9 1.1 5th 0.5 0.8 Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Walz, & Germann (1993)

Digit Fluency Adequate Response Table
Realistic Growth Ambitious Growth 1st 0.3 0.5 2nd 3rd 4th 0.75 1.2 5th Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Walz, & Germann (1993)

If Local Criteria are Not an Option
Use norms that accompany the measure (DIBELS, AIMSweb, etc.). Use national norms.

Making Decisions: Best Practice
Research has yet to establish a blue print for ‘grounding’ student RoI data. At this point, teams should consider multiple comparisons when planning and making decisions.

Making Decisions: Lessons From the Field
When tracking on grade level, consider an RoI that is 100% of expected growth as a minimum requirement, consider an RoI that is at or above the needed as optimal. So, 100% of expected and on par with needed become the limits of the range within a student should be achieving.

Is there an easy way to do all of this?

Access to Spreadsheet Templates
Click on Charts and Graphs. Update dates and benchmarks. Enter names and benchmark/progress monitoring data.

What about Students not on Grade Level?

Determining Instructional Level
Independent/Instructional/Frustrational Instructional often b/w 40th or 50th percentile and 25th percentile. Frustrational level below the 25th percentile. AIMSweb: Survey Level Assessment (SLA).

Setting Goals off of Grade Level
100% of expected growth not enough. Needed growth only gets to instructional level benchmark, not grade level. Risk of not being ambitious enough. Plenty of ideas, but limited research regarding Best Practice in goal setting off of grade level.

Possible Solution (A) Weekly probe at instructional level and compare to expected and needed growth rates at instructional level. Ambitious goal: 200% of expected RoI

Possible Solution (B) Weekly probe at instructional level for sensitive indicator of growth. Monthly probes (give 3, not just 1) at grade level to compute RoI. Goal based on grade level growth (more than 100% of expected).

Step 3: Interpreting Growth

What do we do when we do not get the growth we want?
When to make a change in instruction and intervention? When to consider SLD?

When to make a change in instruction and intervention?
Enough data points (6 to 10)? Less than 100% of expected growth. Not on track to make benchmark (needed growth). Not on track to reach individual goal.

When to consider SLD? Continued inadequate response despite:
Fidelity with Tier I instruction and Tier II/III intervention. Multiple attempts at intervention. Individualized Problem-Solving approach. Evidence of dual discrepancy…

Three Levels of Examples
Whole Class Small Group Individual Student - Academic Data - Behavior Data

Whole Class Example

3rd Grade Math Whole Class
Who’s responding? Effective math instruction? Who needs more? N=19 4 > 100% growth 15 < 100% growth 9 w/ negative growth

Small Group Example

Intervention Group Intervention working for how many?
Can we assume fidelity of intervention based on results? Who needs more?

Individual Kid Example

Individual Kid Making growth? How much (65% of expected growth).
Atypical growth across the year (last 3 data points). Continue? Make a change? Need more data?

RoI and Behavior?

Step 4: Figure out how to fit Best Practice into Public Education

Things to Consider Who is At-Risk and needs progress monitoring?
Who will collect, score, enter the data? Who will monitor student growth, when, and how often? What changes should be made to instruction & intervention? What about monitoring off of grade level?

Who is At-Risk and needs progress monitoring?
Below level on universal screening Entering 4th Grade Example DORF (110) ISIP TRWM (55) 4Sight (1235) PSSA (1235) Student A 115 58 1255 1232 Student B 85 48 1216 1126 Student C 72 35 1056 1048

Who will collect, score, and enter the data?
Using MBSP for math, teachers can administer probes to whole class. DORF probes must be administered one-on-one, and creativity pays off (train and use art, music, library, etc. specialists). Schedule for progress monitoring math and reading every-other week.

Week 1 Week 2 Reading Math 1st X 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Who will monitor student growth, when, and how often?
Best Practices in Data-Analysis Teaming (Kovaleski & Pedersen, 2008) Chambersburg Area School District Elementary Response to Intervention Manual (McCrea et. al., 2008) Derry Township School District Response to Intervention Model (

What changes should be made to instruction & intervention?
Ensure treatment fidelity!!!!!!!! Increase instructional time (active and engaged) Decrease group size Gather additional, diagnostic, information Change the intervention

Final Exam… Student Data: 27, 29, 26, 34, 27, 32, 39, 45, 43, 49, 51, --, --, 56, 51, 52, --, 57. Benchmark Data: BOY = 40, MOY = 68. What is student’s RoI? How does RoI compare to expected and needed RoIs? What steps would your team take next? What if Benchmarks were 68 and 90 instead?

The RoI Web Site http://sites.google.com/site/rateofimprovement/
Download powerpoints, handouts, Excel graphs, charts, articles, etc. Caitlin Flinn Bennyhoff Andy McCrea Matt Ferchalk

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