1. Chapter 12 Part 2 The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453

2. How it started 1328 Charles IV died without a male heir 1328 Charles IV died without a male heir Was the third son of Philip the Fair (IV) Was the third son of Philip the Fair (IV) End of Capetian Dynasty End of Capetian Dynasty Crown went to Philip VI (nephew of Philip IV) Crown went to Philip VI (nephew of Philip IV) BUT Edward III of England claimed the French throne through his mother’s line (she was the daughter of Philip IV and had married Ed II of England) BUT Edward III of England claimed the French throne through his mother’s line (she was the daughter of Philip IV and had married Ed II of England)

3. Edward III of England In 1330 when 15 yrs old he seized the crown from his mother, Isabella and her lover, Mortimer In 1330 when 15 yrs old he seized the crown from his mother, Isabella and her lover, Mortimer They had murdered Isabella’s husband, Edward II. They had murdered Isabella’s husband, Edward II. Some French barons supported Edward to prevent increased power of the French monarch Some French barons supported Edward to prevent increased power of the French monarch

4. Relationship of French and English royalty at the onset of the 100 Years' War: Relationship of French and English royalty at the onset of the 100 Years' War: Isabella, daughter of King Philip IV of France married King Edward II of England and their son, Edward III, (King of England) claimed the French throne through his mother's line upon the death of Philip IV's sons. Isabella, daughter of King Philip IV of France married King Edward II of England and their son, Edward III, (King of England) claimed the French throne through his mother's line upon the death of Philip IV's sons. Philip III Philip III (1270-85) (1270-85) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ / / / / Philip IV (1285-1314) Charles of Valois / Philip IV (1285-1314) Charles of Valois / / Philip VI ___________________________________________ / Philip VI ___________________________________________ / / / / / / / / Louis X Philip V Charles IV Isabella = Edward II (King of England) Louis X Philip V Charles IV Isabella = Edward II (King of England) (1314-16) (1316-22) (1323-28) / (1314-16) (1316-22) (1323-28) / Edward III (King of England) Edward III (King of England)

5. The French were divided Those who supported Philip VI objected to Edward III based on Salic Law: a German code preventing the passage of the crown to a female heir or through a female heir Those who supported Philip VI objected to Edward III based on Salic Law: a German code preventing the passage of the crown to a female heir or through a female heir Flanders: a French Fiefdom but tied to the English through the wool trade Flanders: a French Fiefdom but tied to the English through the wool trade Burgundy supported the English Burgundy supported the English The French armed the Scots against the English The French armed the Scots against the English

6. Immediate cause Aquitaine issue Aquitaine issue Edward III held Aquitaine as a fiefdom and had sworn himself as a vassal to Philip IV and his sons for this Edward III held Aquitaine as a fiefdom and had sworn himself as a vassal to Philip IV and his sons for this BUT Philip VI went back on the arrangement and seized Aquitaine BUT Philip VI went back on the arrangement and seized Aquitaine

7. Propaganda At first, war was popular in England and France At first, war was popular in England and France Much propaganda in both countries especially from the pulpit Much propaganda in both countries especially from the pulpit War offered opportunities: War offered opportunities: Booty, looting Booty, looting Pardons from prison for fighting Pardons from prison for fighting Solved the problem of idle knights (back from the crusades) who were causing trouble. Solved the problem of idle knights (back from the crusades) who were causing trouble.

8. The end of chivalry Code only applied to social equals; not peasants, not even infantry Code only applied to social equals; not peasants, not even infantry Romantic notion of war: Glory, banners, trumpets Romantic notion of war: Glory, banners, trumpets Most of the war fought in France or the Low Countries (Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg) Most of the war fought in France or the Low Countries (Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg) Early English victory at Crecy Early English victory at Crecy

9. Other English Victories: Poitiers: English King Edward (the Black Prince) captured French King who was held for ransom Poitiers: English King Edward (the Black Prince) captured French King who was held for ransom Then at Agincourt English King Henry V made it to the walls of Paris Then at Agincourt English King Henry V made it to the walls of Paris English success thus far due to … English success thus far due to …

10. The Siege Cannon and the Long Bow The Siege Cannon destroyed castle walls and defenses. No castle impossible to breach = end to manoralism The Siege Cannon destroyed castle walls and defenses. No castle impossible to breach = end to manoralism The Long Bow made the cavalry obsolete The Long Bow made the cavalry obsolete The knights were the cavalry The knights were the cavalry Now even scumbag peasants could kill knights and noblemen! (end of Feudalism) Now even scumbag peasants could kill knights and noblemen! (end of Feudalism)

11. The Legacy of the Long Bow Was much too large for horsemen Was much too large for horsemen Tool of the infantry Tool of the infantry Made from the English yew Made from the English yew The act of pulling back to fire an arrow was difficult and was called plucking the yew The act of pulling back to fire an arrow was difficult and was called plucking the yew The middle finger was essential for this as drawing the arrow back required great strength The middle finger was essential for this as drawing the arrow back required great strength

12. At Agincourt At Agincourt, the French were suffering from the English long bow resolved to cut off the middle fingers of English POW’s so the long bow could not be used by them At Agincourt, the French were suffering from the English long bow resolved to cut off the middle fingers of English POW’s so the long bow could not be used by them The English won the battle anyway and taunted the French by waving their middle fingers at the French indicating that they could still pluck yew and give “the bird” (the arrows often were trimmed with pheasant feathers and were called birds) The English won the battle anyway and taunted the French by waving their middle fingers at the French indicating that they could still pluck yew and give “the bird” (the arrows often were trimmed with pheasant feathers and were called birds)

13. Major Battles http://www.epasd.org/55983512511321/lib/55983512511321/_files/12.2_En glish_Holdings_in_France_-_Hundred_Years_War.pdf Major Battles http://www.epasd.org/55983512511321/lib/55983512511321/_files/12.2_En glish_Holdings_in_France_-_Hundred_Years_War.pdf Crecy 1346 Crecy 1346 Poiters 1356 Poiters 1356 Agincourt 1415 Agincourt 1415 Major Battles http://www.epasd.org/55983512511321/lib/55983512511321/_files/12.2_En glish_Holdings_in_France_-_Hundred_Years_War.pdf http://www.epasd.org/55983512511321/lib/55983512511321/_files/12.2_En glish_Holdings_in_France_-_Hundred_Years_War.pdf http://www.epasd.org/55983512511321/lib/55983512511321/_files/12.2_En glish_Holdings_in_France_-_Hundred_Years_War.pdf

14. Then the Tide Turned! Joan of Arc: 17 yr. old daughter of well-to-do peasant (oxymoron like jumbo shrimp?) Joan of Arc: 17 yr. old daughter of well-to-do peasant (oxymoron like jumbo shrimp?) Heard voices: St. Michael, Stes. Catherine and Margaret Heard voices: St. Michael, Stes. Catherine and Margaret Audience with king was the miracle Audience with king was the miracle Said Dauphin (Flipper?) had to be crowned and English expelled Said Dauphin (Flipper?) had to be crowned and English expelled

15. Joan of Arc French King Charles VI unstable French King Charles VI unstable Joan led French armies Joan led French armies Cut hair, wore men’s clothes Cut hair, wore men’s clothes Wounded in chest Wounded in chest Was captured by Burgundians Was captured by Burgundians Turned over to English Turned over to English 1431 given to Church authorities 1431 given to Church authorities Was Burned as a witch at Rouen (no French help) Was Burned as a witch at Rouen (no French help) Was canonized in 1920 Was canonized in 1920

16. The End of the War Eventually the English ousted EXCEPT in Calais Eventually the English ousted EXCEPT in Calais Cost of the war: Depopulation Cost of the war: Depopulation French land in ruins French land in ruins Disruption of trade (England and Flanders) Disruption of trade (England and Flanders) Heavy taxation to pay for war and ransoms Heavy taxation to pay for war and ransoms

17. Results of the War English lost knights who, in peacetime, were local bureaucrats (so breakdown in local authority) English lost knights who, in peacetime, were local bureaucrats (so breakdown in local authority) Booty was squandered and soldiers returned as beggars, criminals Booty was squandered and soldiers returned as beggars, criminals Increase in Fur Collar (Nobility) Crime! (robbery, extortion) Increase in Fur Collar (Nobility) Crime! (robbery, extortion)

18. More results of the war Increase in the power of representative government especially in England Increase in the power of representative government especially in England Monarch needed Parliament for taxes and army Monarch needed Parliament for taxes and army English had NO STANDING ARMY English had NO STANDING ARMY Others did have standing armies AND could tax without approval of assemblies (French did not want a representative body…too expensive) Others did have standing armies AND could tax without approval of assemblies (French did not want a representative body…too expensive)

19. Rising Nationalism France: Rising nationalism (Joan of Arc? Ousted the English?) France: Rising nationalism (Joan of Arc? Ousted the English?) English to War of the Roses…then (1485) Tudor dynasty English to War of the Roses…then (1485) Tudor dynasty