1. Global Climate Classification and Vegetation Relationships

2. IKLIM DAN VEGETASI

3. Weather vs. Climate Weather Climate
short-term condition of the atmosphere
days, weeks
meteorologists
Climate
long-term (30 year) average of weather conditions and extremes
climatologists

4. Climate Determinants Insolation and Temperature Precipitation
latitude, altitude, land-water, ocean currents, mountain barriers
Precipitation
Air pressure (ITCZ and Subtropical Highs)
Air mass influences
Prevailing winds

5. The Köppen Climate Classification
A Tropical (equatorial regions)
B Deserts (arid, semiarid)
C Mesothermal (mild winter)
D Microthermal (boreal, cold winter))
E Polar (always cold)
H Highland (mountains, plateaus)

6. The Köppen Climate Classification
3 letter system
First letter = temperature
Second letter = precipitation
Third letter = finer shades of temp
Csb = mediterranean
C = middle latitude temps
s = summer dry
b = warm summers (as opposed to hot [a])

7. Reading a Climograph

8. Koppen’s Categories

9. Climate Regions

10. Vegetation Regions

11. Tropical Climates (A)

12. Tropical Climates (A)
1/3 of Earth’s total surface (about 20 ºN to 20 ºS)
Consistently warm (all months > 18ºC/64.4 ºF)
Daily temp range exceeds annual temp range
Subcategories based on rainfall (ITCZ influence)
Subcategories based on rainfall distribution:
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Tropical savanna (Aw)

13. Tropical Rainforest (Af)
High rainfall all year (>2” / month)
Warm every month
Precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Straddles Equator by 5o - 10o

14. Tropical Rainforest (Af)
Vegetation : Highest average biomass on earth. Highest biodiversity on earth! Thousands of species, tall trees, many canopy layers, evergreen, broadleaf trees, epiphytes, lianas (vines), climbers, stranglers, ferns
Fauna: More species than all other biomes combined!, colorful insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, few large animals, high density of biomass and incredible species diversity
Other: Among most threatened biomes

16. Lianas
Epiphytes
Buttresses

17. Deforestation, Malaysia
Strangler Fig
3-Toed Sloth, Panama

18. Acacia and Wildebeest Serengeti Plain, Tanzania
Savanna (Aw) – Tropical Grassland Climates
The tropical wet and dry or savanna (Aw) has an extended dry season during winter.
Region/Distribution: Subequatorial Africa, and South America, Southern India (25° N and S Latitude)
Vegetation: Continuous cover of grasses, scattered trees or shrubs
Other: Susceptible to desertification
Masai Reserve, Kenya
Acacia and Wildebeest Serengeti Plain, Tanzania

19. Dry / Semiarid Climates (B)
Occupy about 1/3 of Earth’s land area (Most extensive climate over land surface)
Evaporation exceeds precipitation (water deficit)
Subcategories
Desert (BW)
Steppe (BS)

20. Dry Arid / Semiarid Climates (B)

21. Deserts (BW): dry

22. Deserts (BW): Temperature: Precipitation: Desert Causation:
Widest range: up to 100oF/day!
Hot at low latitudes, wide variation at higher latitudes
Precipitation:
Scarce: <10 inches/year
Unreliable: wide variation from average
Intense: convective downpours
Desert Causation:
High Pressure Cells and resultant stability
Rainshadows

23. True Deserts (BW)
Vegetation: Widely scattered thorny bushes, cacti, small flowers, extensive shallow roots or long tap roots, shrubs, succulents
Fauna: Many rodents, lizards, toads, snakes and other reptiles, many birds, owls, vultures, many insects (adaptive strategies)
Other: Deserts cover roughly 1/3 of earth. May be growing due to desertification.
Steppe: semi-arid high elevation or high latitude

25. Desert Plant Survival Strategies
schlerophyllous adaptations - small, waxy leaves or thorns replace leaves
succulents - stems modified to spongy water storage structures
ephemerals (obligate seeders) - fast reproductive cycle
wide spacing with shallow roots - collect sparse rainfall

26. Death Valley, CA

27. Anza-Borrego State Park, CA Winter 2004/2005

30. Organ Pipe Cactus Organ Pipe National Monument, Arizona

31. Steppe (BS): temperate grasslands
more precipitation than BW
narrower temperature ranges
grasslands

33. Temperate Grassland/Steppe (BS)
Region/Distribution: Central North America, parts of Africa, Australia, SE South America (Pampas)
Soil: very fertile soils, best on earth
Vegetation: Grass tall to short prairie, pampas, steppe. Sod forming grasses, Sparse bushes, occasional trees in some areas
Fauna: large grazing animals, bison, antelope, wild horses, kangaroos, giraffes, burrowing animals: rabbits, prairies dogs…; predators: coyotes, lions, leopards…...
Other: Most N. American grasslands have been converted to agricultural fields. Wild grazers replaced by cattle, sheep, goats. Less than 1% of original grasses left.

36. Mesothermal Climates/Temperate (C)
True seasonality (air mass conflict)
Subdivisions based on precipitation variation
Humid Subtropical (Cfa)
Mediterranean (Cs)
Humid Subtropical
Broad-leaf Deciduous Forest Allegheny Mtns., Pennsylvania
Mediterranean Coastal Sage Scrubland Channel Islands N.P., California

37. Mesothermal Climates (C)
Subtropical Forest Sarasota, Florida
Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Mediterranean (Cs)

38. Humid Subtropical Midlatitude Forests
Hot summer, substantial year-round precipitation
Low latitude east coasts (warm currents).
Summer max precipitation.
Cold spells; seasonality.
Cfa - New Orleans, LA

39. Temperate Broad-leafed Forest (Deciduous)
Region/Distribution: Western Europe, East Asia, Eastern U.S.. Between 30-50° north or south
Soil: brown soils, good for agriculture
Vegetation: Broad-leafed deciduous trees, ( ’ tall), oaks, hickories, maples, …
Fauna: mammals such as white tail deer, porcupines, raccoons, rabbits, squirrels, most carnivores eliminated by hunting i.e. wolf, mountain lion, bobcat; many birds; frogs and salamanders, snakes
Other: Plants and animals well adapted to seasonality including hibernation, migration

41. Mediterranean Dry summers (shifting subtropical highs)
Surrounds Mediterranean
Also on west coasts near 30o N and S (Australia, S. Africa, Chile)

42. Mediterranean
Region/Distribution: West coast and Central California, SW. Australia, tip of S. Africa, West Peru. Chile, Mediterranean (good wine places!)
Vegetation: Scrubland, scattered trees (oaks, eucalyptus), grasses. Fire tolerant, sclerophyllous (hard-leafed) evergreens, chaparral (scrubby evergreen)
Fauna: Burrowers like ground squirrels, gophers; deer, mountain lions, coyotes, many birds
Other: Susceptible to fire during dry season, some species need fire to regenerate; susceptible to erosion and desertification, development; threatened biome

44. Chaparral

45. Manzanita

47. Microthermal Climates (D)
Only found in Northern Hemisphere

48. Subarctic Climates (Boreal or Taiga)
50o-70o N latitude
long, bitterly cold winters
highest annual temp range: up to 100O F
Great annual temperature ranges (continentality, air mass conflicts)
Dw – Calgary, Canada

49. Coniferous (Boreal) Forest – Koppen D
Region/Distribution: Northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia, South So. America, much of Russia
Vegetation: Coniferous (mostly evergreen) forest, ex. Spruce, Fir, Pine, Larch, needle- leaved
Fauna: Large herbivores: moose, elk; small herbivores: squirrels snowshoe hare, beaver; Predators: wolves, foxes, bears, lynx, weasel family; Mosquitoes in summer
Other: Acid rain, logging , oil drilling, hunting of predators

50. Fir Trees, Alaska
Spruce Needles
British Columbia

51. Polar Climates (E) - all months < 50OF

52. Polar Climates (E) - all months < 50OF
Tundra (ET)
warmest month 32-50F
Ice caps (EF)
warmest month below 32F
Both have very low precipitation

53. Koppen Classification: ET

54. Tundra Region/Distribution: North of the Boreal Forest, high latitudes of northern hemisphere in a belt around the Arctic Ocean, near the coast Soil: Permafrost, no true soil development Vegetation: Low growing lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, dwarf shrubs, small plants typically ground hugging or warmth preserving in some way Fauna: Small burrowing mammals, lemmings, also foxes, lynx, owls, grizzly bear, caribou and musk ox: migrants Other: many insects in summer, standing water

55. Highland Climates (H)
How are these like the poles? How different?

56. Highland Climates (H)
How are these like the polar regions? How are they different?
Lower temperatures
More moisture available
More insolation
High winds in both

57. Where in the world?

58. Koppen Af - Hilo, Hawaii *

59. Where in the world?

60. Koppen Dfd - Verkhoyansk, Russia (67.4 N, 133.3 E)*

61. Where in the world?

62. Koppen Af - Iquitos, Peru (3.4 S, 73.2 W)*

63. Where in the world?

64. Koppen Dfa - West Point, NY*

65. Where in the world?

66. Koppen Csb - San Francisco, California*

67. Where in the world?

68. Koppen Cfa - Sydney, Australia Elev: 62 ft    Lat: 33 52' S    Long: 151 02' E

69. Where in the world?

70. Koppen Csb - Santiago, Chile
Elev: 1706 ft    Lat: 33 27' S    Long: 'W *

71. Where in the world?

72. Koppen BW - Phoenix, AZ Elev: 337.4 m Lat: 33 26'N Long: 112 00'W

73. Where in the world?

74. Koppen Aw - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Elev: 61.3 m    Lat: ' S    Long: 'W

75. The Köppen Climate Classification
A Tropical (equatorial regions)
B Deserts (arid, semiarid)
C Mesothermal (mild winter)
D Microthermal (boreal, cold winter)
E Polar (always cold)
H Highland (mountains, plateaus)

76. The Köppen Climate Classification
A Tropical (equatorial regions)
B Deserts (arid, semiarid)
C Mesothermal (mild winter)
D Microthermal (boreal, cold winter)
E Polar (always cold)
H Highland (mountains, plateaus)

77. Riparian Vegetation Vegetation that grows along water courses.
Often supports richer diversity of plant and animal life, including more hardwood trees in a dry environment.

78. Vertical Zonation of Vegetation

79. Vegetation Succession
Pioneer Stage
Climax Stage
Occurs after disturbances: fires, storms, landslides, etc.

80. Ecological Invasions
California Invasive Species: Old World Grape, livestock, Eucalyptus (Gum Trees), wild hog, mustards, horse, Mediterranean grasses/mustards
Methods of Transfer
Domesticated animals (fur, droppings)
Ornamentals
International tourism/migrations (New Zealand)
Problems with Invasives
Often out-compete native species.
Don’t provide habitat for local fauna.
Upset balance of ecosystem.

81. The American Chestnut
100 feet tall, thick symmetrical branches, over an acre of greenery, about a million lush leaves in all. Massive quantities of protein-rich nuts.
In 1904 a handful of Asian chestnut trees were planted in New York City at the Bronx Zoo. An Asian chestnut blight quickly destroyed over percent of the American Chestnut population - almost all of four billion trees - annihilating at least six specialized insect species, decimating wild turkey populations, and depriving humans of a priceless resource in a single generation.
This loss represented one fourth of the tree cover in the Appalachians!