2. The French Revolution & Napoleon 1789-1815 EQ: How did the ‘Enlightened’ French Revolution lead to the ‘Enlightened’ dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte?

3. Content Standard 3: The student will evaluate modern revolutionary movements influenced by the European Age of Absolutism and the Enlightenment including political, economic, and social transformations. Compare and contrast the causes and lasting impact of England’s Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution on the decline of monarchy and on the rise of representative government including the impact of the Napoleonic Wars and the resulting Congress of Vienna.

4. 1 st Estate 2 nd Estate 3 rd Estate The Old Regime

5. Three Estates or Classes EstateMembers % of the population % of the land FirstThe Clergy SecondNobility Third Bourgeoisie =middle class Urban workers peasants 10% 25% 65% < 1% 2% 97%

6. Causes of the French Revolution Crop failures Bread Shortage Frustration with the Government Financial Crisis Debt Louis XV’s Lavish Royal Court Louis XVI’s Support for Amer. Rev. Enlightenment Ideas Inequalities of Estates System 1 st and 2 nd Estates paid no Taxes Efforts at Reform Failed Louis XIV’s War & Versailles Inspiration of Amer. Rev.

7. Stages of the French Revolution II. Initial Stages 1789-1791 moderate period III. 1791-1794 --- radical period IV. 1794-1799 --- period of conservative backlash

8. Turgot Necker 1. Attempts at reform are suggested by royal advisors: a. Limit royal expenses b. Taxes on the First and the Second Estates Advisors who suggest this are dismissed A. The Financial Crisis in France

9. 2. Banks refused to loan the government any money

10. Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General to deal with the crisis Hoped to gain support for additional taxes B. Estates General

11. The Estates General was a body representing Frances’ three estates It had not met in 175 years Each group hoped to use the meeting as a chance address their individual concerns.

12. Estates Number of Representatives % of population Votes First300< 1%1 Second3002%1 Third60097%1 The Estates General What problem existed with this system?

13. Members of the Third Estate demanded reforms: Want all three Estates to meet together with each delegate getting an individual vote. However, no progress was made and frustration grew when Louis rejected these demands.

14. 1. Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly. a. Invited delegates of other estates to meet with them b. Claimed the right to create a constitution for France. 2. Third Estate was locked out of their meeting hall. C. The National Assembly

15. 3. The Tennis Court Oath Members of the Third Estate along with supporter from other estates swore to continue to meet until France had a new constitution

16. Study the three figures in the foreground at the center. Who do these figures represent ? What appears to be happening among these figures?

17. 4. Louis XVI reluctantly accepted the newly formed body. But food shortages and rumors of soldiers massing near Paris raised fears among citizens. - Louis XVI ordered all three Estates to meet together.

18. 5. Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 The Bastille = fortress used as a prison for political opposition. Fearing the king was going to take action against the reforms, mobs of people attacked the Bastille in Paris. *Shows common people were willing to support revolutionary changes

19. Bastille Day is celebrated as a national holiday in France.

20. 6. The Great Fear a. Peasants hungry from famine and frightened by rumors of government intervention take action: 1. Attacked nobles and burn their homes 2. Stole grain from storehouses

21. The National Assembly 1789-1791

22. a. Peasant uprisings and the storming of the Bastille push the National Assembly to act: b. Assembly ended the privileges of the nobility. c. Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

23. Based on Enlightenment principles the Declaration included: 1.Equality of all people before the law, 2. Guarantees of freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, and protection against unfair arrest and punishment.

24. d. National Assembly adopts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy which: 1.Ended the popes authority over the French Church 2. Bishops and priests became elected and paid official

25. Louis XVI is reluctant to accept reforms. 8. People feared Louis XVI would take action to stop the reforms.

26. The March on Versailles Women demanding bread march to the palace at Versailles. Women refused to leave and demanded Louis XVI return to Paris with them. The Royal family will remain in Paris as virtual prisoners

27. The Constitution of 1791 1. Made France a limited monarchy. 2.Created a lawmaking body called the Legislative Assembly. Legislative Assembly was elected by all tax paying male citizens

28. Reaction to the new constitution varies. The Middle class generally favored the new government and it reflected their desires. Other groups felt the reforms had not gone far enough or had gone much to far. Growing factions within France

29. In June 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee France with his family. The royal family is captured and returned to Paris. Increased the people’s distrust of Louis XVI and the new limited monarchy.

30. Attempt by the royal family to escape from France: Influenced election of the Legislative Assembly. Delegates tended to be more radical than members of the National Assembly had been.

31. Reaction outside France 1. Emigres – nobles who had fled France, sought to convince other rulers to intervene and stop revolution. 2. Austria and Prussia threatened to intervene to protect French monarchy

32. The Legislative Assembly(1791) Delegates were seated based on political views. RadicalsModeratesReactionaries Today we include two additional groups. LiberalsConservatives

33. Sans-culottes, working class men and women, pushed for radical actions. The Legislative Assembly Jacobins, revolutionary group of middle class lawyers and intellectuals. Eventually radical views gained greater influence.

34. The Legislative Assembly France goes to war April 1792, declared war on Austria. Prussia joined war against France. 1. Feared Austria’s intervention. 2. Desired to spread revolution. War went poorly and turmoil increased within France.

35. Mobs attacked the palace and the royal family is forced to flee. End of the Monarchy Radicals voted to imprison the royal family. September Massacre – Paris mobs attacked prisons killing many nobles. Radicals controlled the Assembly and called for a new legislative body.

36. Battle of Valmy French forces turned back foreign invasion that threatened Paris. (Sept. 20, 1792) By 1793, French armies had taken the offensive against Austria and Prussia

37. The National Convention Made France a republic universal male suffrage Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor and convicted.

38. In January 1793, Louis XVI is executed by the guillotine before crowds of Parisians. Months later Queen Marie Antoinette was also executed by the guillotine.

39. Challenges to the Revolution Other nations joined the war against France including Britain. Food shortages and inflation cause discontent among sans-culottes. Royalist and peasant rebellions occurred in countryside.

40. The Committee of Public Safety Created by the Convention to deal with threats to the revolution. Introduced conscription Began the Reign of Terror to silence opposition within France.

41. Reign of Terror Committee of Public Safety ruled France. Maximilien Robespierre controlled Committee. Believed in the use of prompt swift and severe justice”. “

42. Reign of Terror Revolutionary courts sentenced thousands to death after hasty trials As many as 40,000 died during the Terror the majority of which were peasants or sans-culottes.

43. End of the Terror Members of the Committee turned on Robespierre and he is executed. Robespierre had other members of the Committee arrested and executed. Jacobins lost power.

44. The Directory Constitution of 1795 created another new government. Ended universal male suffrage A five man executive council. The Directory controlled government. The Directory was unpopular and corrupt.

45. Napoleon Bonaparte What comes to mind when you think of Napoleon?

47. A. Rise of Napoleon 1.Napoleon gained rapid promotion to the rank of general. 2.Defeated Austrians in Italian campaign and forces Austria out of the war.

48. 3. Napoleon launched a campaign in Egypt. French Fleet destroyed by the British. a. Egyptian campaign is a disaster. French Army is left stranded in Egypt. b. Napoleon hid information of disaster and was welcomed home as a hero.

49. 1.In 1799, Napoleon participated in coup d’etat against the Directory. B. Napoleon comes to power 2.In name, the new government was a republic but in reality it was a dictatorship.

50. 3. Napoleon gained greater power and control over the next few years. a. French people approved each step in a plebiscite. 4. Napoleon promised order, security and efficiency. 5. In 1804, Napoleon is crowned Emperor of France.

51. C. Napoleon introduced reforms: 1. Improved education establishing schools Lycees – secondary schools 2. Napoleonic Code – system of laws based in part on Enlightenment ideas. 3. Economic reforms restored prosperity.

52. D. Napoleon used his military skills to build an empire. 2. By 1812, most of Western Europe was under his control or influence. 1. Napoleon will defeat most of the nations allied against France.

53. 3. Britain, with its strong navy, remained outside of Napoleon’s control. Battle of Trafalgar – French fleet defeated by British under Admiral Nelson. (1805)

54. 4. Resentment of France increased in countries controlled by Napoleon. b. Nationalism – pride in one’s own country or desire for independence. a. In Spain, Spanish forces used guerrilla warfare against the French. Guerrilla warfare – hit and run attacks

55. 5. The Continental System a. Unable invade Britain, Napoleon turned to economic warfare with the Continental system. (1) The Continental System – closed European ports under Napoleon’s control to British trade. b. Economies in European countries suffer and resentment of France and Napoleon grows. In 1811, Russia withdraws from Continental System

56. 1. The Invasion of Russia a. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia. b. The massive Grand Army included over 500,000 men. c. Russians withdraw to the east, avoid battle and use a “scorched earth policy”. E. Napoleon’s Downfall

57. d. In September 1812, Napoleon captures Moscow but fires destroy much of city. e. Without a decisive victory and short of supplies Napoleon is forced to retreat.

58. f. Harsh Russian winter and lack of supplies takes a heavy toll on French. (1.) Harassed by Russian troops the retreat eventually became a rout. Only a fraction of the Grand Army will survive.

60. 2. In 1813, Napoleon is defeated by a new alliance of nations. a. Napoleon is later forced to abdicate. b. Louis XVIII is placed on French throne.

61. 3.Exile and Return a. Napoleon is exiled to island of Elba. b. He will escape and return to France in what is known as the Hundred Days.

62. c. Battle of Waterloo 1. Napoleon faces an allied army of British and Prussian forces

65. 3. Napoleon is forced to abdicate again and is exiled to St. Helene. 2. The French are defeated.

66. Legacy of Napoleon: 1. Spread ideas of French revolution. 2. Increased nationalism. - Germany and Italy particularly

67. Congress of Vienna After defeating Napoleon, The Conservative Monarchs of Europe met in Vienna, Austria to forge a Peace Treaty to end the Napoleonic Wars. Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich forged the Concert of Europe ( a system of alliances between the powers of Europe, promising to come to the aid of the others if their throne was threatened by a Revolution). Concert of Europe remained intact for roughly 100 years until this alliance system contributed to the large scope of World War I