1. Greenback Movement The Grange Farmer’s Alliance Populists Farmer Discontent

2. The Grange Organization of Farmers’ and Agricultural Interests Gained rapid success in Midwest – controlled some state legislatures Attempted to regulate the railroad industry Wabash v Illinois – Supreme Court stated that ‘Granger Laws’ or state laws regulating interstate trade was unconstitutional Evolved into the Populist Party

3. Interstate Commerce Act (1787) First attempt by the federal government to regulate private industry for the public good Established the Interstate Commerce Commission Initially weak with little power – “stabilized not revolutionized” the railroad industry

4. Populist (People’s) Party Australian (or Secret Ballot) – public voting in many areas which subjected some voters to pressure from landlords or employers Adopted by all states in 1900s Popular Election of U.S. Senators – believed that business lobbies had too much control over the state legislatures (Art. 1, Sect. 3) Became the 17th Amendment in 1913 Direct Democracy – urged use of initiative, referendum and recall as a means of giving people a more direct voice in government Adopted my many states in 1900s; still practiced extensively in western states

5. Populist (People’s) Party Banking Reform – felt the hardships of the working class caused by a national banking system Populists lost this plank with the adoption of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Government Ownership of the Railroads, Telegraph, and Telephone – price abuse led this belief critics charged Populists as being socialists No public support for government ownership, but regulation increased. Graduated Income Tax After initial setbacks by Supreme Court, power to apply a graduated income tax granted by the 16th Amendment in 1913.

6. Populist (People’s) Party Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver – wanted inflationary measures to ease debts This idea will meet a natural death with increased prosperity and increased gold supply. One Term Limit for President A Republican congress in 1951 will pass a two term limit in the 22nd Amendment. Shorter Work Day Unions will help accomplish this in the 1850s with a 7 day work week. The 5 day, 40 hour work week will not come until 1948. Immigrant Restrictions – gained support from western and mid-western states from the influx of Chinese immigrants A flood of European immigrants and growing prosperity kept severe restrictions at bay.

7. Populist Members of Nebraska Legislature - 1890 Populist (People’s) Party

8. McKinley Bryan Election of 1896 Main issues –Currency (Gold v. Silver) –Tariff (D & P = low; R = high) William McKinley (R-OH) –‘Front Porch’ campaign William Jennings Bryan (D & P-NB) –Cross of Gold speech secured nomination –Energetic Campaign – 27 states, 600 speeches, 1800 miles

9. McKinley victory provided proof of: –Cities as the political epicenter –The triumph of conservative monetary policy Election of 1896

11. A Second Gilded Age? 1 st 2 nd Rich/Poor Gapboomers, > 1 million millionaires Robber BaronsGates, Walton, Buffett Capital GoodsIT, Finance Industry (401K) ConsolidationAOL/Time Warner, Gillette/P&G, Daimler- Chrysler, Bank of America/Merrill Lynch Ruthless Business Microsoft Corporate ScandalEnron, Tyco, World Com, Martha Immigrants / LaborMexico / NAFTA / CAFTA B & B in businessB & B in _______? Yellow JournalismSensationalized or Biased TV news?

12. John m. Murrin, et al. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People Chapter 20 An Industrial Society, 1900-1920

13. Scientific Management Fredrick Taylor –Focused on the productivity of the individual worker –‘ One best way ’ to perform every task

14. Assembly Line Henry Ford Mass Production

17. Automobile Changes America Economic Impact –Direct Employment in industry –Raw materials and suppliers –Support industries –10% of GDP today

18. Automobile Changes America Social Impact –Mobility & Freedom –Demographic Changes Interstate migration Suburbanization –1 Million Dead = 1951 –“ House of Prostitution on Wheels ”

22. Eugenics

23. William M. “Boss” Tweed Political Machines Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party (mostly Democratic) or group in power Offered support (social) services to immigrant groups Corrupt – politics for profit –Example: Tammany Hall in NYC – Run by Boss Tweed Thomas Nast – Influential cartoonist attacking political machines and other ‘ corrupt ’ influences

25. Population shift – 4 of 10 lived in cities Segregation by race and class Offered diversity unseen before The Urban Frontier

26. Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000 NamePopulation 1Cordova, Spain450,000 2Kaifeng, China400,000 3Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey300,000 4Angkor, Cambodia200,000 5Kyoto, Japan175,000 6Cairo, Egypt135,000 7Baghdad, Iraq125,000 8Nishapur (Neyshabur), Iran125,000 9Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia110,000 10Patan (Anhilwara), India100,000

27. Top 10 Cities of the Year 1500 NamePopulation 1Beijing, China672,000 2Vijayanagar, India500,000 3Cairo, Egypt400,000 4Hangzhou, China250,000 5Tabriz, Iran250,000 6Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey200,000 7Gaur, India200,000 8Paris, France185,000 9Guangzhou, China150,000 10Nanjing, China147,000

28. Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800 NamePopulation 1Beijing, China1,100,000 2London, United Kingdom861,000 3Guangzhou, China800,000 4Edo (Tokyo), Japan685,000 5Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey570,000 6Paris, France547,000 7Naples, Italy430,000 8Hangzhou, China387,000 9Osaka, Japan383,000 10Kyoto, Japan377,000

29. Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900 NamePopulation 1London, United Kingdom6,480,000 2New York, United States4,242,000 3Paris, France3,330,000 4Berlin, Germany2,707,000 5Chicago, United States1,717,000 6Vienna, Austria1,698,000 7Tokyo, Japan1,497,000 8St. Petersburg, Russia1,439,000 9Manchester, United Kingdom1,435,000 10Philadelphia, United States1,418,000

30. Top 10 Cities of the Year 1950 NamePopulation 1New York, United States12,463,000 2London, United Kingdom8,860,000 3Tokyo, Japan7,000,000 4Paris, France5,900,000 5Shanghai, China5,406,000 6Moscow, Russia5,100,000 7Buenos Aires, Argentina5,000,000 8Chicago, United States4,906,000 9Ruhr, Germany4,900,000 10Kolkata, India4,800,000

31. Top 10 Cities of the Year 2000 NamePopulation 1Tokoyo, Japan26,400,000 2Mumbai, India18,100,000 Mexico City, Mexico18,100,000 4 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17,800,000 5New York, USA16,600,000 6Lagos, Nigeria13,400,000 7Los Angeles, USA13,100,000 8Shanghai, China12,900,000 Kolkata, India12,900,000 10Buenos Aires, Argentina12,600,000

32. Problems of Urban Life Crime Impure water Uncollected garbage Animal waste Disease Over crowding

33. Dumbbell Tenements Architecture contributed to urban problems

35. Jacob Riis, 1914

37. New Immigration From Southern and Eastern Europe Not Protestant (Catholic and Orthodox) and Jewish Most did not know English or illiterate & no industrial skills Used to more authoritarian governments More difficult to unionize

41. “Little Italy” Mulberry Street, Manhattan, NYC circa 1900 The Immigrant Experience Ethnic Neighborhoods: areas in cities where immigrants settled with others from the ‘ old country ’ to ease transition and preserve heritage

43. The Immigrant Experience Employment – menial labor or manufacturing found either through political machines or ethnic connections Standard of living – low by US standards, but better than impoverished conditions in European cities

44. The Immigrant Experience Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building (New York) March 25, 1911. Fighting the Fire

48. Reaction –All levels of government (except local) ignored immigrants plight –Political Machines – helped immigrants in return for votes –Some churches preached the ‘ Social Gospel ’ – others reflected the wealth and conservatism of its members –Settlement Houses Community center / boarding house to aid immigrants Hull House – Chicago (1889) Jane Adams The Immigrant Experience

49. Reaction –American Protective Association Nativists & Labor Union Support Immigration Restrictions based on: –nationality, literacy tests, paupers, criminals, insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, people, carrying contagious diseases The Immigrant Experience

50. Religion & New Immigration New Numbers –150 religious denominations in 1890 –Salvation Army & Christian Science –Catholics top other denominations in attendance –YMCA / YWCA –Darwinism Lasting legacy

52. Contemporary Religious Diversity 81% of American adults identify themselves with a specific religion: – 76.5% (159 million) of Americans identify themselves as Christian. This is a major slide from 86.2% in 1990. Identification with Christianity has suffered a loss of 9.7 percentage points in 11 years -- about 0.9 percentage points per year. This decline is identical to that observed in Canada between 1981 and 2001. If this trend has continued, then: Christian Canada between 1981 and 2001 at the present time (2007-MAY), only 71% of American adults consider themselves Christians The percentage will dip below 70% in 2008 By about the year 2042, non-Christians will outnumber the Christians in the U.S. –52% of Americans identified themselves as Protestant. –24.5% are Roman Catholic. Roman Catholic –1.3% are Jewish. Jewish –0.5% are Muslim, followers of Islam. Islam 14.1% do not follow any organized religion. This is an unusually rapid increase -- almost a doubling -- from only 8% in 1990. There are more Americans who say they are not affiliated with any organized religion than there are Episcopalians, Methodists, and Lutherans taken together. –The unaffiliated vary from a low of 3% in North Dakota to 25% in Washington. "The six states with the highest percentage of people saying they have no religion are all Western states, with the exception of Vermont at 22%."

53. Education Compulsory elementary education in many states Normal (teacher) schools established Segregated Universities – HBU ’ s –Howard, Clark, Atlanta, Morehouse, Southern, Grambling Private Universities related to Robber Barons (oops … I mean Captains of Industry) –Duke, Stanford, Carnegie Melon, Cornell, Vanderbilt, Chicago Johns Hopkins – first ‘ world class ’ graduate program Changing curriculum @ universities Morril Act (1862) –states given federal lands to sell and establish agricultural colleges

54. Women & The Gilded Age Increase in divorce & use of birth control More women working & voting (Wyoming) Comstock Law – allowed confiscation of ‘ obscene material ’ Urbanization and the family Margaret Sanger Charlotte Gilman – feminist and author –Women and Economics & The Yellow Wallpaper

55. National American Women Suffrage Association –Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony Antilynching campaign –Ida B. Wells National Prohibition Party & Woman ’ s Christian Temperance Union –Carrie Nation American Red Cross –Clara Barton Carrie Nation Women & The Gilded Age

56. Tudor Craftsman Richardsonian Victorian Gothic Queen Anne Architecture

57. Brooklyn Bridge

58. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door“ "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus (on pedestal of statue) Statue of Liberty