2. New farm machinery and the opening of the Great Plains led to overproduction. Farmers fell into debt as food prices fell, yet expenses remained the same. Charged excessive rates for railroads and grain storage Formed the Grange Movement to fight for reform Resulted in the Interstate Commerce Act designed to regulate railroad rate

3. United farmers, industrial workers and miners A number of reforms were later adopted by the major political parties. Populists believed that the shortage of currency was responsible for falling prices. 1896 and 1900 William Jennings Bryan was the candidate for both the Democrats and Populists. Lost both elections.

4. The Populists became a Third Party (any party other than the major 2) Third parties in American Politics Help to educate people on special issues. Provide an outlet for minority grievances Pressure major parties to adopt their ideas.

5. Goal was to correct political and economic injustices from industrialization Were mainly educated members of the middle class. Wanted U.S. Senators to be directly elected by the voters and not the state legislature. Roots of the movement were with the Populists Worked on municipal, state and federal levels.

6. Social Gospel Movement: Protestant clergymen encouraged Christians to help their fellow man. Social Reformers brought many reforms to society Jane Addams: Leader of the settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago) W.E.B. DuBois: African-American leader who helped found the NAACP Ida B. Wells: African-American leader who worked to end lynching.

7. Investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists. Worked to expose abuses of industrial society and expose corruption in all levels of government. Upton Sinclair: The Jungle revealed many abuses of the meat-packing industry. Frank Norris: The Octopus depicted the stranglehold railroads held over farmers. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (photographs showed poverty in urban areas.)

8. Used anti-trust laws to curb unfair business practices Square Deal passed laws protecting consumers Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Increased the power of the Interstate Core Drew attention to conserving forests, parks, and wildlife. Withheld lands from public use.

9. Continued most of Roosevelt’s policies. Roosevelt opposed him as the Bull Moose candidate in 1912 Resulted in the election of Democrat, Woodrow Wilson

10. New Freedom program sought to control business practices, promote greater competition, and lower tariff rates. Legislation / Amendments National Park Service: Protect public parks and monuments. 16 th Amendment: Congress can tax personal income. Federal Reserve System: Regulates the amount of money in circulation. Clayton Anti-trust Act: Federal government’s power to prevent unfair business practices

11. Traditional Role of Women Women were treated as subservient Patriarchal society: men were superior Seneca Falls Convention (1865): Birth of Women’s Rights Movement. Susan B. Anthony: Suffrage leader Voted in 1872 but was arrested. Supreme Court (1876) ruled citizenship does not include the “privilege of voting.” 19 th Amendment (1920): Women are given the right to vote.

12. Realism attempted to show things as they were Gave writers and artists a way to depict the hardships and abuses of the new industrial workers. Writers: Horatio Alger Mark Twain Kate Chopin Artists James McNeil Whistler Winslow Homer Thomas Eakins