1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Opener Given what you know about bloodflow and breathing, how are the circulatory and respiratory systems related?

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Understand the location and function of the main structures of the respiratory system

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiration Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems Supply the body with O 2 and dispose of CO 2

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiration involves 4 processes Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs External respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between the lungs and the blood Transport: O 2 and CO 2 in the blood Internal respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues Respiratory system Circulatory system

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy Major organs Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and their branches Lungs and alveoli Intro video

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose Functions Airway Moistens and warms air Filters and cleans air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pharynx Passageway 3 divisions Nasopharynx: just air Uvula Oropharynx: air and food Laryngopharynx: food and air

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3b Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx (b) Regions of the pharynx

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx Superior to the trachea, inferior to pharynx Functions 1.Provides airway 2.Routes air and food 3.Voice production

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.4a Body of hyoid bone Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament (a) Anterior superficial view Thyrohyoid membrane

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.4b Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Fatty pad Thyroid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Arytenoid muscles (b) Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right Thyrohyoid membrane

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx Contains vocal folds Opening between them is the glottis Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.5 (a) Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis (b) Vocal folds in open position; open glottis Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage video

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Voice Production Speech: air let out as glottis opens and closes Pitch: determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords Loudness: depends upon the force of air that leaves Other structures and muscles adjust into language video

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6a Hyaline cartilage Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Posterior Lumen of trachea Anterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Adventitia Trachea: windpipe: from the larynx into the chest

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conducting Zone Structures Trachea  right and left bronchi Each enters one lung Each branches into smaller and smaller structures

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7 Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. OPENER What are some ways your speech is controlled by anatomical structures?

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Apply gas laws to the process of breathing Evaluate lung function using lung volume readings

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Zone Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli) ~300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas exchange

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8a (a) Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8b (b) Alveolar pores Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchiole Alveoli Alveolar sac

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Membrane ~0.5-  m-thick air-blood barrier Alveolar and capillary walls Alveolar walls Single layer of squamous epithelium Other cells secrete mucous video

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9a Elastic fibers (a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships Smooth muscle Alveolus Capillaries Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9b

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9c Capillary Type II (surfactant- secreting) cell Type I cell of alveolar wall Endothelial cell nucleus Macrophage Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Alveolar pores Capillary endothelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Red blood cell O2O2 Alveolus CO 2 Capillary Alveolus Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell (c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum Apex: superior tip Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm Hilum: point at center where everything goes in Cardiac notch of left lung: dent for heart to sit in

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10a Trachea Apex of lung Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes Right lung has three lobes Protected by pleurae

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Breathing Inspire/expire Largely regulated by pressure Intrapulmonary: P inside lungs Atmospheric: P outside

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Breathing video

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.13 (1 of 2) Sequence of events Changes in anterior- posterior and superior- inferior dimensions Changes in lateral dimensions (superior view) Ribs are elevated and sternum flares as external intercostals contract. Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction. External intercostals contract. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises). 2 1 Thoracic cavity volume increases. 3 Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases. 4 Intrapulmonary pressure drops (to –1 mm Hg). 5 Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure).

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.13 (2 of 2) Sequence of events Changes in anterior- posterior and superior- inferior dimensions Changes in lateral dimensions (superior view) Ribs and sternum are depressed as external intercostals relax. External intercostals relax. Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes. 1 Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages). 2 Thoracic cavity volume decreases. 3 Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases. 4 Intrapulmonary pres- sure rises (to +1 mm Hg). 5 Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intra- pulmonary pressure is 0.

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.14 5 seconds elapsed Volume of breath Intrapulmonary pressure Expiration Intrapleural pressure Trans- pulmonary pressure Inspiration Intrapulmonary pressure. Pressure inside lung decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration; pressure increases during expiration. Intrapleural pressure. Pleural cavity pressure becomes more negative as chest wall expands during inspiration. Returns to initial value as chest wall recoils. Volume of breath. During each breath, the pressure gradients move 0.5 liter of air into and out of the lungs. Fire breath Deep breath

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Volume Spirometer Tidal volume: normal breathing ~0.5 L Inspiratory reserve: extra you can bring in ~3 L Expiratory reserve ~1 L Residual volume ~1.5 L

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Capacity Inspiratory capacity: amount you can bring in Inspiratory reserve + tidal Functional residual capacity: amount typically in Expiratory reserve + residual volume Vital capacity: amount you can move Ir + tidal + er Total lung capacity: all volumes

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.