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Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main
Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures. Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm
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Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar duct Alveolar pores Alveolus (b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue, showing the final divisions of the respiratory tree (120×)
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Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main
Figure 13.1 The major respiratory organs shown in relation to surrounding structures. Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm
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Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Tongue Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Tongue Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4a The larynx. Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages Anterior superficial view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Tongue Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.4c The larynx. Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Lateral thyrohyoid membrane Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Glottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx, posterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Tongue Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx
Figure 13.2b Basic anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, sagittal section. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Tongue Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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Figure 13.3a Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior (a)
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Figure 13.3b Structural relationship of the trachea and esophagus.
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Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages.
Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Superior lobe of right lung Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of left lung © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(in posterior mediastinum) Vertebra
Figure 13.4b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Posterior Esophagus (in posterior mediastinum) Vertebra Root of lung at hilum Left main bronchus Right lung Left pulmonary artery Parietal pleura Left pulmonary vein Visceral pleura Left lung Pleural cavity Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Sternum Anterior (b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above.
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Figure 13.5a Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar duct Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac (a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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Figure 13.5b Respiratory zone structures.
Alveolar duct Alveolar pores Alveolus (b) Light micrograph of human lung tissue, showing the final divisions of the respiratory tree (120×)
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Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Red blood cell Capillary Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar pores O2 Capillary CO2 Macrophage Alveolus Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium Alveoli (gas- filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Surfactant- secreting cell Squamous epithelial cell of alveolar wall
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Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships.
Atmospheric pressure (Patm) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 4 mm Hg (the difference between 0 mm Hg and −4 mm Hg) – 4 Intrapleural pressure (Pip) −4 mm Hg (756 mm Hg) Lung Diaphragm Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Lung Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Trachea Thymus Apex of lung Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Cardiac notch Base of lung Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 13.6 Anatomy of the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier).
Red blood cell Capillary Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar pores O2 Capillary CO2 Macrophage Alveolus Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium Alveoli (gas- filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Surfactant- secreting cell Squamous epithelial cell of alveolar wall
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Homeostatic Imbalance 13
Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 A colored chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax, or collapsed lung.
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Inspired air: Alveoli of lungs: CO2 O2 O2 CO2 O2 CO2 External
Figure Gas exchanges in the body occur according to the laws of diffusion. Inspired air: Alveoli of lungs: CO2 O2 O2 CO2 O2 CO2 External respiration Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Alveolar capillaries Blood leaving tissues and entering lungs: Blood leaving lungs and entering tissue capillaries: Heart O2 CO2 Tissue capillaries O2 CO2 Systemic veins Systemic arteries Internal respiration CO2 O2 Tissue cells: O2 CO2
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