1. The Respiratory System
Involves the exchange of gases between cells, blood and the atmosphere

2. Types of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration
inspiration
expiration
External respiration
occurs in the lungs
Internal respiration
occurs in the tissues

3. Nose, Pharynx,Larynx,Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs
Organs of Respiration
Nose, Pharynx,Larynx,Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs

4. NOSE Moistens, warms, and filters air Houses olfactory receptors
Serves as resonating chamber for speech
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity

5. PALATE Serves to separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula

6. PHARYNX Nasopharynx - upper portion, region above the soft palate
Oropharynx - middle portion, area behind the oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - lower portion, area below the epiglottis

8. LARYNX
Functions to prevent food or fluid from entering the respiratory system during swallowing and allows air flow during breathing
Production of sound is secondary function

9. Larynx Unpaired cartilages - thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
Paired cartilage - arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Vocal folds
Glottis

11. TRACHEA Tubelike structure leading from the larynx to bronchial tree
Consists of smooth muscle and “C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Mucociliary escalator

12. BRONCHIAL TREE
Includes a right and left primary bronchus which divides to produce secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts that connect to alveoli

13. ALVEOLI
Functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs (300 million)
Thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium
Type I and type II alveolar cells
Diffusion of gases takes place across an alveolar-capillary respiratory membrane

15. LUNGS Paired organs in the thoracic cavity Right lung : 3 lobes
horizontal/oblique fissure
Left lung : 2 lobes
oblique fissure
Apex/Base
Hilus

17. PLEURAL MEMBRANES Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity
Pleurisy
Pneumothorax

18. Physiology of Respiration

19. Pressures Atmospheric pressure - 760mm Hg
Intrapleural pressure - is always less than atmospheric and alveolar pressure
Alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure - changes with phases of breathing
Pressure changes in lungs are produced by variations in lung volume

20. BOYLE’S LAW
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
More volume-less pressure
Less volume - more pressure

21. Inspiration Expiration
Alveolar pressure is below atmospheric pressure due to increased volume
Air flows into lungs
760 vs 758 mm Hg
Alveolar pressure is above atmospheric pressure due to decreased volume
Air flows out of lung
762 vs 760 mm Hg

23. Respiratory Air Volumes
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Residual volume
Spirometer

25. Regulation of Respiration
Medullary rhythmicity center - medulla oblongata controls basic rhythm of respiration
Control centers in the pons
pneumotaxic center inhibits inspiration
apneustic area stimulates inspiration

26. Gas Transport

27. Oxygen Transport 98% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule has the capacity to bind with four oxygen molecules
Hypoxia

28. Factors Affecting Hemoglobin Saturation
Partial pressure of oxygen
increase pO2, the greater the % saturation
pH - in an acid environment, O2 splits more readily from hemoglobin
Temperature - the higher the temperature, the more oxygen released from hemoglobin

29. Carbon dioxide tranport
70% of CO2 is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion
23% of CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin as carbominohemoglobin
7% is dissolved in the plasma

30. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Tuberculosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Pneumonia
Sleep Apnea
SIDS