1. MACROMOLECULES BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

2. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

3. MACROMOLECULES Known as organic compounds Built around the element carbon Large molecules are called macromolecules “Macro” – meaning large Polymer Made by smaller molecules bonding together called monomers

4. DRAW A PICTURE MONOMERPOLYMER “ONE”“MANY”

5. EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS A fiber is a long thread-like structure Natural polymers include hair, fur, wool Proteins Monomer is an amino acid Silk made by some insects and spiders Cotton is a vegetable fiber Cotton is composed of cellulose (polymer) Monomer is glucose (a sugar)

6. MACROMOLECULES FORMED All macromolecules put their subunits together in the same way Covalent bond of OH is removed from one subunit and a H is removed from the others Removal of a water molecule Requires help of special protein enzyme to position the molecule to make sure the correct bond is formed Called dehydration synthesis Tearing down molecules is the same process in reverse Water molecule is added Called hydrolysis

7. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

8. CARBOHYDRATES Sugars or long chains of sugars Store energy Simple sugars Monosaccharides (monomer) Glucose Complex sugars Polysaccharides (polymer) Plant Starch Animals Glycogen Energy storage by linking chains together Not recognized by most enzymes

9. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

10. LIPIDS Uses: Long-term energy storage Insulation (keep warm) Cushions organs (heart, eyes, kidney, etc.) Lipids Fats Oils Waxes

11. LIPIDS Organisms convert glucose into fats Another kind of storage molecule called glycogen Lipids are insoluble in water because they are non-polar In water, fat molecules cluster together because they cannot form Hydrogen bonds with water molecules Can’t mix oil and water!

12. TYPES OF LIPIDS Monomer – fatty acids Types of Lipids Triglyceride 3 fatty acids Saturated fat Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded Solid at room temperature Animal fats Unsaturated fat Fewer than maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded Liquid at room temperature Plant fats

13. TYPES OF LIPIDS Phospholipid Polar group on one end 2 long tails that are strongly non-polar Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Steroid Yellow structure in cell membrane Cholesterol Excess saturated fat intake can cause plugs of cholesterol in blood vessels Cause blockages, high blood pressure, stroke or heart attack Androgens and Estrogen Chlorophyll Retinal (eyes use to detect light)

14. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3

15. PROTEINS Enzymes Cartilage Bones Tendons Keratin Chemical messenger

16. PROTEINS Monomer – amino acid 20 common kinds Sequenced together in a particular order to form a protein Like the alphabet Amine group (NH 2 ) When 2 amino acids bond a peptide bond is formed Long changes are polypeptides Connect like beads on a necklace Example: hemoglobin in red blood cells

17. PROTEINS 100,000+ unique proteins to humans Shape Some are long, thin fibers Others are coiled, folded, or intertwined Small proteins have a few hundred amino acids Large proteins have 25,000+ amino acids Example: muscle fiber

18. PROTEINS People must eat foods with proteins because we CANNOT make certain amino acids on our own Called essential amino acids Sources of protein: Plants Beans Nuts Animals Milk Meat

19. PROTEINS Eat  Body breaks down* (Digestion)  Amino Acid  Build new proteins  Repair You are what you eat! * Denatures the protein by increasing temperature or decreasing pH.

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer: Nucleotide Sugar, nitrogen-containing back and a phosphate group Polynucleotide chains Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy DNA and RNA are very similar but have 2 major chemical differences