1. Chapter 16

2.  Essential Question:  What were the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South?

4.  At the beginning of the Civil War, 21 million people lived in the North. Nine million lived in the South. Of those living in the South 4 million were enslaved.  How do you think these factors would affect the odds of the South winning the war?  Less people to fight! Less resources.  Do you think other factors would affect the odds of the South winning the war?

5.  The North  Large population  Better resources  Wanted to restore the Union (a very big task!)  The South  Wanted to establish itself as an independent nation  On the defense  Hold out until the North tires of war  Home field advantage

6.  The Anaconda Plan  Break the South’s back: Gain control of the Mississippi  Cut it in two: Send troops through Georgia and the Carolinas  Chop off its head: Capture Richmond, Virginia

7.  Came from every region, but mostly from farms  Tens of thousands were under 18, many even younger than 14  Motivated by patriotism, loyalty, excitement and fear

9.  Newer rifles fired with greater accuracy than the muskets of earlier wars  Medical facilities were overwhelmed by thousands of casualties  Battle of Shiloh  Many men deserted on both sides because of fear, hunger or sickness

10.  1. Predict what you think would have been the South’s greatest advantage in the war.  2. Answer the Essential Question: What were the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South?

11.  Essential Question:  Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war?

12.  July 21, 1861  Inexperienced armies met in Northern Virginia  The Confederates, inspired by General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, broke through Union lines and were victorious  The outcome shocked Northerners

13.  Unions Goal: Control Mississippi River to cut off Western states aid to the Confederacy  Ulysses S. Grant arises as military hero for the North when he demands unconditional surrender from Fort Donelson

14.  April 1862 – Lasted two days  One of the most bitter, bloody fighting of the Civil War  More than 23,000 casualties  Important because the Union victory had the North on its way to controlling the Mississippi River

15.  Important victory for North  April 25, 1862 – Union forces capture largest city in the South  Confederacy could no longer use the Mississippi River to carry goods to sea

16.  Largely the result of leadership from General Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson  Defeated some Union armies twice as large as their own  Knowledge of terrain and the leader’s ability to inspire the men were huge advantages

17.  On the urging of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee began an invasion of the North  September 17, 1862 – Single deadliest day of the Civil War  Important victory for Union – General Lee retreated back into Virginia

18.  ***At first, Abraham Lincoln cast the Civil War as a battle for the Union rather than as a fight against slavery. As the conflict progressed however, Lincoln changed the way he thought about slavery and its role in the war.  Use the next two slides to fill out the chart in your packets!

19.  Hated slavery  Feared Union supporters would oppose a war waged to end slavery  Hesitated to move against slavery for fear of losing the border states

20.  Abolitionist  Slavery was morally wrong and needed to be abolished  Slavery is the root of division between the North and South  Wanted to make the war about slavery to gain support from anti-slavery nations of Britain and France

21.  Which of Frederick Douglass’s arguments for making the abolition of slavery an aim of the war do you find most convincing? Why?  Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862  A decree freeing all enslaved people in rebel territory on January 1, 1863

22.  Government declared slavery to be wrong  Could not enforce the new policy throughout the whole South  If the Union won, slavery would be banned forever

23.  1. What did the Emancipation Proclamation state?  2. Why was controlling the Mississippi River vital to the North and the South?  3. Answer the Essential Question: Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war?

24.  Essential Question:  What social, political and economic changes resulted from the war?

25.  Although the war affected everyone, life in the South changed most dramatically  Destruction of homes and crops  Thousands became refugees  Due to the North’s naval blockade, lack of food and supplies

26.  ***Many Northern and Southern women took on new responsibilities during the war. Women kept the farms and factories going. They ran offices, taught school and kept government records. Women suffered the stress of having husbands and sons away at war and the pain of losing family members. They scrimped and saved to make do without many things they were used to, and they prayed to keep their families together.

27.  ***In the Civil War, for the first time, thousands of women served as nurses. At first, many doctors did not want women nurses, saying that women were too delicate for the grisly work required on battlefields. Men thought of nursing as work for males and believed it was improper for women to tend to the bodies of unknown men. Strong minded women disregarded these objections…

28.  Mary Edwards Walker  First woman army surgeon. Received the Congressional medal of honor  Dorthea Dix  Convinced officials to let women work as nurses. Recruited large numbers of women to serve  Clara Barton  Famous for her work with wounded soldiers. Called “The Angel of the Battlefield.” Founded the Red Cross  Sally Tompkins  Established a hospital for soldiers in Richmond, Virginia

29.  Surgeons travelled with troops and set up hospitals near battlefields  Doctors amputated limbs, cared for sick and wounded  Hospitals overwhelmed with sick and wounded

30.  Shortages of food, materials and money  Bread Riots  Hungry people took to the streets protesting a lack of food  Some turned violent  Mostly women and children

31.  Democratic party opposed Lincoln and how he was running the war  Peace Democrats called for an end to the war  Many Peace Democrats were considered treasonous and earned the names “Copperheads”

32.  To deal with war opponents in the North, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus  Thousands of Northerners were jailed without trial  Confederate President Jefferson Davis suspended habeas corpus in the South as well

33.  After the initial excitement of war, North and South had trouble recruiting troops  Both North and South passed draft laws requiring men to register  Anti-draft sentiment led to riots in several Northern cities

34.  The war strained economies of the North and South. The two governments had three ways of paying for the war.  Borrowed money by selling war bonds  Imposed new taxes, including income taxes  Printed money. Northern money was called greenbacks because of its color **However, Northern industry profited from the war. They produced guns, ammunition, shoes and uniforms. Inflation, or general increases in prices still caused great hardships during the war.

35.  Answer the Essential Question: What social, political and economic changes resulted from the war?

36.  South: Not allowed to enlist – afraid they might revolt  North: Allowed to form all African American regiments  54 th Massachusetts Regiment: Famous for their courage and sacrifice

37.  July 1863 – Gettysburg, PA  Confederates = 25,000 casualties  Union = 23,000 casualties  Marked a turn in the war as Union forces defeated the Confederates  Put an end to Southern desire for aid from Britain and France  October, 1863: British government decided not to release ships to aid the South

38.  Two minute speech given by President Lincoln  Honored the soldiers who fought and died  Stated his vision for the country

39.  General Ulysses S. Grant took the Southern Capital of Richmond, Virginia  Formal surrender at Appomattox Court House (Grant and Robert E. Lee)  April 9, 1865

40.  600,000 casualties  Southern cities and farmlands destroyed  Strengthened Northern federal government  Ended slavery  New problem: How do we bring the Southern States back into the Union?????

41.  1. How were African American soldiers treated differently than white soldiers?  2. Answer the Essential Question: How did the events at Gettysburg change the course of the war?