2. Toddlerhood: Ages 1 through 26
Toddlerhood: Ages 1 through 2

3. Objectives Analyze the physical development of toddlers.
Analyze the cognitive development of toddlers.
Analyze the socio-emotional development of toddlers.
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4. Objectives
Compare and contrast various developmental theories relating to toddlers.
Identify developmental milestones often achieved during the toddler years.

5. Physical Qualities and Changes
Toddlers are between 1 and 3 years of age
They continue to grow physically, but the pace slows considerably
By age 3, toddlers weigh about 32 pounds
Their average height is about 38 inches
During the toddler years, more teeth develop
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6. Physical Qualities and Changes
Toddlers learn many new gross- and fine-motor skills
As toddlers explore their world, they move constantly
Caregivers must be careful to keep medicine and other toxic substances out of reach
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7. Physical Qualities and Changes
Toddlers no longer require baby foods
They learn to feed themselves, use a cup, and can eat foods prepared for the family
Toddlers prefer to eat small portions many times during the day
They typically need to drink 2 cups of whole milk each day to promote bone growth
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8. Physical Qualities and Changes
Toddlers often need 10 to 15 hours of sleep each day
They are often difficult to “put to bed” or transition from wake time to sleep time
When toddlers become fearful and have nightmares, they need comforting to feel safe and secure
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9. Physical Qualities and Changes
A controversial topic is when and how to teach toileting skills to children
Many experts agree that toilet learning should not start until the young child is ready and able to exert bodily control
Usually this does not happen until a child is at least 18 months of age
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10. Physical Qualities and Changes
Regular medical care is important for toddlers
Checkups are recommended at 12-, 18-, 24-, and 36-months
Dental visits often begin by 2 years of age and then repeat every 6 months afterward
Inoculations produce or boost immunity to a specific disease, such as measles or mumps

11. What is the age range of toddlers?
between the ages of 1 and 3 years
Describe the gross- and fine-motor skills of toddlers.
(Answers will vary, but should include:) gross-motor skills: walking, pulling a toy on a string, running short distances, kicking, throwing, walking backward, climbing stairs; fine-motor skills: feeding themselves finger foods, holding a cup with handles, taking off their clothing
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12. How can caregivers promote bone growth in toddlers?
by giving them 2 cups of whole milk to drink each day
About how many hours of sleep do toddlers need each night?
10 to 15 hours
What is an inoculation and what is its purpose?
a substance given in shot form, produce or boost immunity to a specific disease

13. Signs of Cognitive Growth
Toddlers combine learned actions to reach goals
Their thinking is organized through concepts that gradually become more complex
According to Piaget’s theory, toddlers are still in the sensorimotor stage
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14. Signs of Cognitive Growth
Toddlers discover through their senses
Around 18 to 24 months, toddlers also start developing more sophisticated thought processes
Caregivers are very instrumental in a toddler’s learning as Vygotsky theorized
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15. Signs of Cognitive Growth
Helping a child is called scaffolding
Vygotsky called this interface of learning the zone of proximal development (ZPD), or the level at which a child can learn with help
Once a caregiver can find the child’s ZPD, the child is more likely to learn new skills without feeling overwhelmed
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16. Signs of Cognitive Growth
During infancy, neurons in the brain grow and sprout branches or pathways, which continue to develop during the toddler years
Children’s language skills increase significantly throughout the toddler years
By the end of the toddler years, children can usually say several hundred words
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17. Signs of Cognitive Growth
Toddlers often use one word to describe a whole group of items
These are called holophrases
Toddlers learn to combine words into two-word combinations
This is called telegraphic speech
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18. Signs of Cognitive Growth
Social interaction has a huge impact on learning
Reading to children is one way to build this interaction
Books and reading are an excellent way to build bonds and encourage language use
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19. How do toddlers explore their environments?
with their senses
Describe the zone of proximal development. Which theorist is known for ZPD?
the level at which a child can learn with help, Vygotsky
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20. Describe the language development of toddlers.
At the beginning of the toddler years, toddlers usually learn to say their first words. By the end of the toddler years, they can usually say several hundred words. They can also use holophrases and telegraphic speech.
Define holophrases and give an example.
One word descriptors used for many different, but related objects. (Examples will vary.)

21. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
Babies must have their physical needs met in order to survive
They also need to be safe and to feel love and affection
Children need a stimulating environment to promote learning
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22. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
Children need to have their basic needs met, not neglected, in order to develop trust
Erikson described the next stage of socio-emotional development as autonomy versus shame and doubt
Toddlers learn to separate themselves from others, with their own will and preferences
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23. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
The trust babies develop helps them as they begin to achieve autonomy and independence
Relationships with others become much more reciprocal during the toddler years
Caregivers direct toddlers’ behavior more than when they were infants
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24. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
As soon as they are mobile, toddlers are on the move toward independence
Around age 2, toddlers become more emotionally sensitive than before
They react to many stimulating objects, people, and places in their environment
They become easily excited, upset, or scared
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25. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
In addition to their own feelings, toddlers are also sensitive to the feelings of others
Toddlers are very affectionate to caregivers, family, friends, and pets
When caregivers are leaving a room or are away, toddlers often demonstrate separation anxiety
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26. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
When toddlers become upset, they often express themselves physically and vocally
A temper tantrum or resistance to situations and instructions are ways of expressing their desire to control their world
A good way for caregivers to respond is to first acknowledge the toddler’s feelings
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27. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
An effective way to ward off many situations is to give toddlers choices
Giving toddlers early notice about upcoming events is also helpful
A caregiver’s response to situations should be as consistent as possible
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28. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
Physical coordination, cognitive development, and socio-emotional growth are all associated with play
During the toddler years, toddlers learn to parallel play
Caregivers may worry that their toddler is not social in parallel play, but this is normal
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29. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
Many parents learn their parenting practices from their own experiences as a child, family members, and the larger culture
The larger culture may include media influences
There are a variety of ways to nurture young children
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30. Signs of Socio-emotional Growth
The most essential characteristic of caregivers and family members is to love and cherish their toddlers
They should keep their toddlers safe
They should talk and interact with their toddlers about everything around them

31. Describe autonomy versus shame and doubt according to Erikson’s theory.
Children begin to see themselves as separate from their caregivers, without feelings of embarrassment or uncertainty.
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32. How do relationships with caregivers change during the toddler years?
Relationships become much more reciprocal as more two-way interaction occurs. Toddlers are less passive as they reach more toward independence and desire to explore their world. Singing songs, playing games, and practicing motor skills are all essential parts of family relationships.
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33. What is a temper tantrum? How can caregivers help reduce tantrums?
an emotional episode of upset behavior, by acknowledging a toddler’s feelings to reduce the frustration of these tantrums
List three developmentally appropriate guidance techniques a caregiver can use to avoid causing frustration in toddlers.
give toddlers choices, give toddlers notice of upcoming events, and give consistent responses to toddlers
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34. What type of play do children typically engage in during the toddler years?
parallel play
What are the most essential characteristics of caregivers and family members?
loving and cherishing the toddlers, keeping them safe, talking and interacting with them, looking after their needs, and encouraging them to explore their world and move toward independence

35. Special Needs
Toddlers experience many new abilities and developmental milestones
If a developmental delay is evident, the toddler may be displaying signs of a special need
One special need that may be detected is a loss of hearing
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36. Special Needs
In cases where loss of hearing is present at birth, the toddler may need to learn sign language
If the toddler has reduced hearing ability, hearing aids, surgery, and other therapy specialists are available to ease hearing ability
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37. Special Needs
Another physical and cognitive disability that may become apparent is cerebral palsy
This condition develops as a result of brain damage
Cerebral palsy becomes noticeable as a child grows, but misses developmental milestones
Cerebral palsy is not curable, but is treatable

38. How can a hearing impairment develop?
from an illness, head injury, or other accident
What are signs of a hearing impairment?
a lack of babbling, lack of attention to noise, and other language delays
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39. How is cerebral palsy treated?
What is cerebral palsy?
a condition in which a child has significant delays or difficulties in sitting up, walking, swallowing, and using speech as a result of brain damages
How is cerebral palsy treated?
with speech and physical therapy, medications, and specialized education