1. Chapter 7 Deviance and Crime
What Is Deviance?
Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance
Conflict Perspectives on Deviance
Postmodernist Perspective on Deviance

2. Chapter 7 Deviance and Crime
Crime Classifications and Statistics
The Criminal Justice System
Deviance and Crime in the U.S. in the Future
The Global Criminal Economy

3. Deviance
Behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society in which it occurs.
Deviance is relative and it varies in its degree of seriousness.

4. Functionalist Perspectives
Deviance is universal because it serves three important functions:
Clarifies rules.
Unites a group.
Promotes social change.

5. Strain Theory
People feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals they are unable to obtain.
Merton identified 5 ways people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving goals.

6. Merton’s Five Modes of Adaptation
Conformity - accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.
Innovation - accept culturally approved goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

7. Merton’s Five Modes of Adaptation
Ritualism - give up on societal goals but not the approved ways of achieving them.
Retreatism - abandon approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.
Rebellion - challenge approved goals and advocate an alternative set of goals.

8. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance
Three approaches:
Differential association and Differential reinforcement theory
Control theory
Labeling theory

9. Control Theory: Social Bonding
Deviant behavior is related to social bonds:
Attachments to other people.
Commitment to conformity.
Involvement in conventional activities.
Belief in conventional values and norms.

10. Labeling Theory Stages in the labeling process:
Primary deviance - initial act of rule breaking.
Secondary deviance - acceptance of identity as a deviant.
Tertiary deviance - normalizing deviant behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

11. Conflict Perspectives on Deviance
People in positions of power use the law to protect their own interests.
Laws ensure that individuals at the bottom of the social class do not infringe on the property or threaten the safety of those at the top.

12. Feminist Perspectives
Liberal - women's deviance is a rational response to gender discrimination.
Radical - women's deviance and crime is related to patriarchy.
Socialist - women's deviance and crime is the result of women's exploitation by capitalism and patriarchy.

13. Sociologists Classifications of Crime
Conventional (street) crime
Occupational (white-collar) a crime
Corporate crime
Organized crime
Political crime

14. Four Types of Political Crime
Secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public opinion.
Abuse of power.
Prosecution of individuals due to their political activities.
Official violence, such as police brutality against people of color or the use of citizens as unwilling guinea pigs in scientific research.

15. Functions of Punishment
Retribution - a penalty is imposed on the offender.
Social protection -restricting offenders so they cannot commit further crimes.
Rehabilitation -returns offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens.
Deterrence - instilling a fear of punishment.

16. Deviance and Crime in the U.S.
People agree that crime is an important issue but are divided over what to do about it.
The best approach for reducing delinquency and crime is prevention.
As long as racism, sexism, classism, and ageism exist, people will see deviant and criminal behavior through a selective lens.