1. Morphology, Part 4: Allomorphy February 2, 2012

2. Internal Change A (slightly) more common word-formation process in English is internal change. = changing sounds inside a root creates a new word. Also known as alternations sing~sangpresent/past drive~drovepresent/past foot~feetsingular/plural mouse~micesingular/plural import~importnoun/verb present~presentnoun/verb

3. By the way... Some internal change processes have (limited) productivity in English What’s the past tense of “sing”? sangsung ring? rangrung bring? brang?brung?brought?

4. Internal Change Quick Write 46 total responses. 1.Did you vake? Yes, I… vook (2); vade (1) 2.Did you slike? Yes, I… Everybody said “sliked”! 3.Did you neak? Yes, I… nuck (1)

5. Internal Change Quick Write 4. Did you mide? Yes, I… mid (6); mode (5); made (1); midden (1); midded (1) 5. Did you strink? Yes, I… strunk (10); strank (6) 6. Did you lun? Yes, I… lan (5); lunded (1) Internal changes are made for the new forms to the extent that they resemble phonologically similar forms already in the language. (ride, drink, run)

6. Last but not least Sometimes an affix changes form, depending on what kind of root it attaches to. Consider English /in-/ combines with adjectives to form adjectives means “the opposite of” Examples: /in-/ + accurate =inaccurate /in-/ + tolerant=intolerant /in-/ + direct=indirect

7. Allomorphy What’s going on in these cases? /in-/ + legible=illegible /in-/ + regular=irregular /in-/ + legal=illegal There are two new forms of the affix: /il-/ and /ir-/ These are called allomorphs. Allomorphs = “different forms”

8. Allomorphy What’s going on here? /in-/ + probable=improbable /in-/ + mobile=immobile /in-/ + possible=impossible /in-/ changes to /im-/ before both /p/ and /m/. /p/ and /m/ are both produced with the lips.  To explain patterns like this, we’re going to need to know something about how we actually produce the sounds of English.  We have to study Phonetics!

9. Allomorphy Another English example: a dogan owl a noisean orange a strawberryan apple Here’s another: walkedinvited sprayedneeded stoppedhated firedlanded What’s the pattern?

10. Allomorphy One last pattern: catsmatches judgesdogs chairspasses When do we add an extra syllable? How does the pattern compare to the formation of third person singular verbs? waits, loves, shows, finds… watches, hatches, kisses, spazzes… The pattern is based entirely on the sounds involved; not on the meaning of the morphemes.

11. Allomorphy Italian Quick Write Finally: Let’s work on some practice morphology exercises…