1. The Ecclesiastical Breakdown

2. 13th Century Papacy Innocent IIIInnocent III –Plentitude of Power – authority to declare saints, disposed benefices, centralize church with a political agenda. –Turned the church into a business Urban IVUrban IV – Rota Romana – established a ecclesiastical law court –Clerical taxation 13 th C Papacy was dominated by its own political agenda, centralized power, and personal laws13 th C Papacy was dominated by its own political agenda, centralized power, and personal laws Innocent III Urban IV

3. Boniface VIII When Boniface VIII became pope 1294 he would come to realize that the papacy could no longer compete with the political powers of Europe like England under Edward I and France under Philip IVWhen Boniface VIII became pope 1294 he would come to realize that the papacy could no longer compete with the political powers of Europe like England under Edward I and France under Philip IV Why?Why?

4. Boniface VIII To finance their wars England and France tax the clergy (Goes against a ruling by Innocent III)To finance their wars England and France tax the clergy (Goes against a ruling by Innocent III) Boniface reacts – Clericis laicos – no taxation without papal consent – 5 Feb 1296Boniface reacts – Clericis laicos – no taxation without papal consent – 5 Feb 1296 Reactions –Reactions – –England – Edward I denies clergy representation in parliament –France – Philip IV forbids money going to Rome and backs the enemies of the Vatican in Italy Boniface – revokes his ruling for the French onlyBoniface – revokes his ruling for the French only

5. The Ordeal of Boniface and Philip Bernard Saisset – French clergyman was arrested and convicted of treason in a French courtBernard Saisset – French clergyman was arrested and convicted of treason in a French court Boniface demands his release and revokes all previous treaties with PhilipBoniface demands his release and revokes all previous treaties with Philip Philip retaliates with an anti-papal campaignPhilip retaliates with an anti-papal campaign Unam Sanctum – 18 Nov 1302 – temporal (secular) power was subject to the spiritual power of the churchUnam Sanctum – 18 Nov 1302 – temporal (secular) power was subject to the spiritual power of the church Philip denounces him as a heretic and the French army will attack Boniface’s retreat homePhilip denounces him as a heretic and the French army will attack Boniface’s retreat home Boniface will die Oct 1303 – the last pope to try and seriously threaten secular powerBoniface will die Oct 1303 – the last pope to try and seriously threaten secular power

6. Philip IV Ruthless and ambitious manRuthless and ambitious man Clement V appointed pope was controlled by PhilipClement V appointed pope was controlled by Philip Knights Templar disbanded, Friday October 13, 1307Knights Templar disbanded, Friday October 13, 1307 Papacy moved to Avignon 1309Papacy moved to Avignon 1309

7. Avignon Avignon popes were heavily influenced by French politicsAvignon popes were heavily influenced by French politics An immediate problem was money – how to raise itAn immediate problem was money – how to raise it Being cut off from RomeBeing cut off from Rome Clement VI began the practice of selling indulgencesClement VI began the practice of selling indulgences The Avignon papacy will give reformers the fuel for their beliefsThe Avignon papacy will give reformers the fuel for their beliefs ♠

8. Pope John XXII – Powerful Avignon Pope Confrontation between John and Louis IV (HRE)Confrontation between John and Louis IV (HRE) Challenges Louis IV for the rival HabsburgChallenges Louis IV for the rival Habsburg John excommunicated Louis and his supportersJohn excommunicated Louis and his supporters Louis appoints an antipope to replace JohnLouis appoints an antipope to replace John – Defender of Peace (Marsilius of Padua) – depicted the pope as a subordinate member of society – denounced as a heretic– Defender of Peace (Marsilius of Padua) – depicted the pope as a subordinate member of society – denounced as a heretic After John the papacy willAfter John the papacy will become entrenched in Avignon become entrenched in Avignon

9. How did Europe view Avignon England considered the Avignon papacy an enemy during the Hundred Years’ WarEngland considered the Avignon papacy an enemy during the Hundred Years’ War French (Gallican) movement –French (Gallican) movement – –Power to regulate ecclesiastical appointments without interference from the papacy –No annual payments to the papacy

10. John Wycliffe and John Huss

11. John Wycliffe BeliefsBeliefs –Followers called Lollards –Rights of royalty against pretensions of the pope –Clerical poverty – believed government had the right to confiscate church lands –Personal merit not rank true basis for religious authority –Challenged indulgences and the authority of scripture –Preached in the vernacular When the Lollard movement became associated with the Peasants Revolt they were disbandedWhen the Lollard movement became associated with the Peasants Revolt they were disbanded

12. John Huss Rector at the University of PragueRector at the University of Prague Was a pro-Wycliffe supporter and adopted his teachingsWas a pro-Wycliffe supporter and adopted his teachings Questioned the clergy’s superiority over the laityQuestioned the clergy’s superiority over the laity Was tricked into having an audience at the Council of Constance – was burned at the stake in July 1415Was tricked into having an audience at the Council of Constance – was burned at the stake in July 1415

13. The Great Schism Babylonian Captivity ended in 1377 when Gregory XI returned the papacy to RomeBabylonian Captivity ended in 1377 when Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome The problemThe problem –Urban VI (Italian) was elected Pope – intended to reform –The cardinals in the curia were 99% French – fearful of reform they called for the return to Avignon –They elected their own pope Clement VII (French) –At that moment there were two popes each with their own backing from European countries

14. How to solve the Schism Conciliar Theory of Church GovernmentConciliar Theory of Church Government –Many believed that the church should have a representative council that regulates and observes the activities of the pope Council of Pisa 1409 – 1410Council of Pisa 1409 – 1410 –Cardinals from each pope convened in Pisa and elected a new pope Alexander V –However neither the Roman or the Avignon pope stepped down and Christianity now had three competing popes

15. How to solve the Schism The Council of Constance 1414 – 1417The Council of Constance 1414 – 1417 –Emperor Sigismund (HRE) called the council –Elected a new pope Martin V – the remaining three either conceded, died, were deposed Council of Basil 1431 – 1449Council of Basil 1431 – 1449 –The church council conceded rights to the Hussites similar to the Gallicans The temporal lessening of papal powers were to last ten years – 1460 Pope Pius II issued Execrabilis condemning all councils to be voidThe temporal lessening of papal powers were to last ten years – 1460 Pope Pius II issued Execrabilis condemning all councils to be void

16. Consequences What do you think the future consequences will be for the church in Europe?What do you think the future consequences will be for the church in Europe? Secular control of the church will become prevalentSecular control of the church will become prevalent City council will come to regulate religious lifeCity council will come to regulate religious life Papal State can be opposed in terms of national security and religionPapal State can be opposed in terms of national security and religion