1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 25

2. LE 34-41 Paranthropus robustus Homo ergaster Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis ? Paranthropus boisei Australopithecus africanus Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus anamensis Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo rudolfensis Australopithecus afarensis Ardipithecus ramidus Orrorin tugenensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis Millions of years ago 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0

3. SYSTEMATICS EXTANT SPECIESEXTINCT SPECIES

4. LE 25-6 1 2 1 2 Deletion Insertion 1 2 1 2

5. LE 25-3 Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor. Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period. As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils

6. LE 25-4 Dinosaur bones being excavated from sandstone Casts of ammonites, about 375 million years old Boy standing in a 150-million-year-old dinosaur track in Colorado Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen whole in Siberian ice Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190 million years old Insects preserved whole in amber Leaf fossil, about 40 million years ago

7. Absolute “radiometric” dating Half-life of elementsHalf-life relative to time

8. Relative fossil dating using index fossils

10. LE 26-18 North American Plate Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate Indian Plate Arabian Plate Australian Plate Antarctic Plate African Plate Scotia Plate South American Plate Nazca Plate Pacific Plate Cocos Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Caribbean Plate

11. LE 26-19 Volcanoes and volcanic islands Trench Oceanic ridge Oceanic crust Subduction zone Seafloor spreading

12. LE 26-20 By about 10 million years ago, Earth’s youngest major mountain range, the Himalayas, formed as a result of India’s collision with Eurasia during the Cenozoic. The continents continue to drift today. By the end of the Mesozoic, Laurasia and Gondwana separated into the present-day continents. By the mid-Mesozoic Pangaea split into northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) landmasses. At the end of the Paleozoic, all of Earth’s landmasses were joined in the supercontinent Pangaea. 0 65.5 135 251 Millions of years ago Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic North America Eurasia Africa India South America Madagascar Australia Antarctica Laurasia Gondwana Pangaea

13. LE 26-9 NORTH AMERICA Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula

14. Taxonomy of Life

15. LE 25-9 Carnivora Panthera pardus (leopard) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Species Genus Family Order FelidaeMustelidaeCanidae PantheraMephitisLutraCanis

16. Fig: 22.14 Homologous Structures

17. Fig: 22.17 Biogeography and Convergent Evolution

18. LE 25-11 Hair Amniotic (shelled) egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column (backbone) Character table CHARACTERS TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) LampreyTunaSalamander TurtleLeopard Turtle Leopard Hair Amniotic egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column Salamander Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) Cladogram

19. LE 25-12 Drosophila Lancelet Fish Amphibian Bird Human Rat Mouse

20. LE 25-10a Grouping 1 Monophyletic

21. LE 25-13 Drosophila Lancelet Fish Amphibian Bird Human Rat Mouse Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic 65.5 251 542 Neoproterozoic Millions of years ago

22. LE 25-15ab Sites in DNA sequence I Species 1 Base-change event Bases at site 1 for each species 234567 II III IV IIIIIIIV

23. LE 17-5 Second mRNA base First mRNA base (5 end) Third mRNA base (3 end)