1. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics

2. What is plate tectonics? Plate tectonics is the study of the origin and arrangement of the broad physical features of the Earth. Plate tectonics is the basic idea that the Earth is divided into a few large plates that move slowly and change in size. Intense geological activity (earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building) occurs where the plates meet. Where the plates meet are called plate boundaries. Plates can move toward each other, away from each other or slip past one another.

4. Major Plates of the Earth

6. Fifteen Major Plates of the Earth African Plate African Plate African Plate African Plate Antarctic Plate Antarctic Plate Antarctic Plate Antarctic Plate Eurasian Plate Eurasian Plate Eurasian Plate Eurasian Plate Indo-Australian Plate Indo-Australian Plate Indo-Australian Plate Indo-Australian Plate North American Plate North American Plate North American Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Pacific Plate Pacific Plate Pacific Plate South American Plate South American Plate South American Plate South American Plate Arabian Plate Arabian Plate Arabian Plate Arabian Plate Caribbean Plate Caribbean Plate Caribbean Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Cocos Plate Cocos Plate Cocos Plate Indian Plate Indian Plate Indian Plate Indian Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate Nazca Plate Nazca Plate Nazca Plate Philippine Sea Plate Philippine Sea Plate Philippine Sea Plate Philippine Sea Plate Scotia Plate Scotia Plate Scotia Plate Scotia Plate

7. Why is plate tectonics a unifying theory? Plate tectonics is a unifying theory because it helps to explain earthquakes, volcano formation and mountain belts. Origin of the Theory: The theory of plate tectonics began in the 1960’s by combining two older ideas: 1. Continental Drift 2. Seafloor Spreading

8. Continental Drift Videos Continental Drift Theory: A Little Nuts! Continental Drift: Past, Present & Future

9. Continental Drift Theory This theory was developed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900’s. His evidence for this theory included the following: 1. Coastline fit (i.e. South America & Africa seem to fit together on a map) 2. Similar fossils & rocks can be found on different continents 3. Polar wandering- There is evidence that the North Magnetic Pole has changed position, partly because the continents moved.

10. Coastline Fit

11. Similar Animals & Plants

12. Similar Rocks

13. Magnetic Reversals

14. Seafloor Spreading The theory of seafloor spreading was developed by Harry Hess in 1962 The theory of seafloor spreading was developed by Harry Hess in 1962 He believed that the seafloor was moving away from ridges (creating a “spreading centre”) and toward trenches (called “subduction zones” because one of the plates sinks or subducts) He believed that the seafloor was moving away from ridges (creating a “spreading centre”) and toward trenches (called “subduction zones” because one of the plates sinks or subducts) What is the evidence for seafloor spreading? What is the evidence for seafloor spreading? 1. Careful observation of the ocean floor 2. Simple theory of convection: hot magma rises, cold magma sinks) 3. Heavier, denser and thinner oceanic crust sinks under the continental crust to form trenches

15. Seafloor Spreading at the Ridges

16. Sinking in the Subduction Zones

17. What is subduction? Subduction occurs when the thinner, cooler, denser and older oceanic crust sinks under the thicker, lighter and newer continental crust. Subduction causes the following: 1. Earthquakes (plates are colliding) 2. Volcanoes (magma comes to the surface) 3. Mountains (crust lifts upwards) 4. Trenches (formed when the ocean sinks sharply underneath the continent) How old is the seafloor? The seafloor is approximately 200 million years old. This is a useful fact when explaining the theory of seafloor spreading (in other words, oceanic crust is very new compared to the continent)

18. Subduction

19. What are plates? A plate is a large, mobile slab of rock that is part of the Earth’s surface. A plate can be made entirely of seafloor or a combination of continental crust and oceanic crusts.

20. Plates on Modern Earth

21. What is the lithosphere? The lithosphere is the outer most part of Earth that includes the rigid outer shell (or the crust) and the rocks of the upper mantle. The lithosphere ranges from 70-200km in thickness. Remember: The lithosphere is youngest by the ridges and oldest by the continents. The plates move from 1 – 10 cm per year. This movement is detected using GPS.

22. Layers of the Earth