1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 25 Chapter 25: Phylogeny and Systematics

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.3 Formation of sedimentary strata containing fossils 1 Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor. 2 Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period. 3 As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.4 A gallery of fossil types (a) Dinosaur bones being excavated from sandstone (g) Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen whole in Siberian ice (e) Boy standing in a 150-million-year-old dinosaur track in Colorado (d) Casts of ammonites, about 375 million years old (f) Insects preserved whole in amber (b) Petrified tree in Arizona, about 190 million years old (c) Leaf fossil, about 40 million years old

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.5 Convergent evolution of analogous burrowing characteristics

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.8 Hierarchical classification Panthera pardus Panthera Felidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.9 The connection between classification and phylogeny Panthera pardus (leopard) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis FelidaeMustelidaeCanidae Carnivora Order Family Genus Species

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.11 Constructing a cladogram Salamander TAXA Turtle Leopard Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) 000 00 1 000 01 1 000 11 1 001 11 1 011 11 1 Hair Amniotic (shelled) egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column (backbone) Leopard Hair Amniotic egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column Turtle Salamander Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) (a)Character table. A 0 indicates that a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present. (b)Cladogram. Analyzing the distribution of these derived characters can provide insight into vertebrate phylogeny. CHARACTERS

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.18 The universal tree of life BacteriaEukaryaArchaea 4Symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants 3Symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes 2Possible fusion of bacterium and archaean, yielding ancestor of eukaryotic cells 1Last common ancestor of all living things 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 0 Billion years ago Origin of life