1. Reconstruction

2. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

3. Definition Period of Rebuilding after the Civil War Lasted from 1865-1877 Problems –Crushed Southern Economy –Newly Freed African Americans

4. Reconstruction Plans

5. Lincoln’s Plan

6. President Lincoln’s Plan  10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

7. Radical Republicans Charles SumnerThaddeus Stevens Thought Lincoln’s Plan was too easy on the South Goals (must be met to become states) Make sure African Americans can vote They will vote Republican

8. Moderate Republicans Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Moderate Republicans Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  Thought Lincoln’s plan was too easy but Radical Republicans went too far  Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).  Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.  Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD) President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill

9. 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

10. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen by providing food, shelter, jobs, and education  Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.  NEVER gives land to former slaves

11. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

13. President Andrew Johnson  Jacksonian Democrat.  Anti-Aristocrat.  White Supremacist.  Lincoln’s Vice President  Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union.  The first to take control of Reconstruction

14. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)  Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)  In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.  Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

15. Radical Republicans hate Johnson’s plan Many southern states pass Black Codes which take away all rights of African Americans Former Confederate Leaders are voted back into power Ex: Alexander Stevens (VP of CSA) elected Senator

17. Black Codes kept African Americans from achieving full citizenship Freed slaves had the right to marry, own property, work for wages, sue in court Denied the right to vote or serve on juries Required to work and could be arrested and hired out to planters if they did not have a job Work was limited to farm labor Called for segregation

18. Black Codes  Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.  Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

20. “Think Tank” Silent reading time (4 minutes) –read through Document B: Black Codes by yourself –http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown- 3.ppt#275,18,Slide 18http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown- 3.ppt#275,18,Slide 18 Partner discussion of document (8 minutes) –answer the questions on your Guiding questions sheet with your partner –http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown- 3.ppt#271,14,Slide 14http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown- 3.ppt#271,14,Slide 14

22. Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

23. March 1867 Radical Republicans get the Military Reconstruction Act passed South is divided into 5 military districts controlled by a former Union General Martial Law is instituted in the South Goal: Protect African Americans

24. 14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

25. Johnson refused to enforce the Military Reconstruction Act Radical Republicans pass the Tenure of Office Act Johnson violates the Tenure of Office Act by firing his Secretary of War Congress Impeaches Johnson 1 vote shy of removal

26. Grant Elected in 1868 President during most of Military Reconstruction U.S. Grant

27. 15 th Amendment  Ratified in 1870.  The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.  Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

28. Congressional Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 – freedmen were full citizens with same rights as whites 14 th Amendment – made former slaves citizens with full rights Military Reconstruction – new state governments in the Confederacy must be elected by blacks and whites Johnson’s Impeachment – allows Congress to pass more radical programs to assure complete rights for African Americans

29. “Think Tank” We have discussed the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th amendments. With your partner, answer the questions on these amendments. You have 5 minutes http://www.m62.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown- 3.ppt#274,17,Slide 17

31. Southern Republicans Carpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who move south after the war Scalawags - White Southern Republicans – most owned small farms and didn’t want planters back in power

32. Life for African Americans during Reconstruction Life is pretty good Military protects them (physically and their right to vote) Hiram Revels 1 st African American Senator Church becomes center of African American Social life Most desired education

33. Racism The Ku Klux Klan is formed in 1866 Goal: to return the Democratic Party to power in the South Had to keep African Americans from voting Tactics = Terrorism “The Invisible Empire of the South”

34. The Failure of Federal Enforcement  Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].  “The Lost Cause.”  The rise of the “Bourbons.”  Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs).

35. The Civil Rights Act of 1875  Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places.  Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.  Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.  No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

36. “Think Tank” Silent Reading Time (5 minutes) –http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock- countdown-3.ppt#274,17,Slide 17http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock- countdown-3.ppt#274,17,Slide 17 Discuss with your partner (10 minutes) –the answers to the questions on documents C, D and E http://www.m62.net/wp- content/uploads/2011/04/Digital_Clock_10_mins.ppt#279,2,Slide 2

37. Think Tank Now you have looked at all of the documents and answered questions about them. Form your argument – 20 minutes –As – you are to take the position that African Americans WERE free during Reconstruction –Bs- you are to take the position that African Americans were NOT free during Reconstruction. Use the Organizing evidence sheet to write your main points. You will be convincing others of your stance so work hard to find the best evidence. http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Tim ers-Intros/Countdown_Clock.ppt#363,42,Slide 42

38. “Think Tank” 10 minutes As you will present your thoughts and try to convince Bs that African Americans were free during Reconstruction. Bs you will write down As arguments on your “Organizing Evidence sheet” With two minutes left you will begin telling the As what they said to you. http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clock- v2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53

39. “Think Tank” 10 minutes Bs you will present your thoughts and try to convince Bs that African Americans were free during Reconstruction. As you will write down As arguments on your “Organizing Evidence sheet” With two minutes left you will begin telling the As what they said to you. http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clock- v2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53

40. “Think Tank” 10 minutes Now you will try to reach consensus Everyone may abandon their positions. In your group you will attempt to come to an agreed upon conclusion. Use the “Coming to Consensus” sheet to record your thoughts. Your agreement should address evidence and arguments from both sides. Don’t forget to refer back to the documents as evidence Be prepared to report to the class http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clock- v2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53

41. Northern Support Wanes  Grant’s Presidency marred by scandals (ex. Whiskey Ring).  People start to associate the Republican Party with being crooks  Panic of 1873 [6-year depression].  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.

42. End of Reconstruction Enforcement Acts – helped African Americans achieve full citizenship. Made it illegal to prevent another person from voting by bribery, force or intimidation

43. Ku Klux Klan – secret society of whites formed to drive African Americans out of political life Amnesty Act of 1872- permitted former Confederates to vote which allowed whites to regain control of most of the Southern States Compromise of 1877 – removed federal troops from the South and returned rule throughout the South to former slave owners

44. Poll tax – a high tax that had to be paid before a person could vote Literacy Tests – showed a person could read before allowing him to vote, was rigged against African Americans Jim Crow laws – segregated blacks and whites Plessy v Ferguson – declared separate public facilities were constitutional as long as they were equal.

45. Election of 1876 Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes Hurt by Grant’s Administration Democrats: Samuel Tildon Gains power by appealing to racism Tildon was one vote shy of a majority of Electoral College Voters

46. Compromise of 1877 Election goes to the House Hayes promises to end military reconstruction if elected South votes for Hayes Hayes removed troops from the south when he took office