2. Cultural Cohesion 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Cultural Cohesion 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E.

3. Let’s Talk About Geography What makes India a “subcontinent”?What makes India a “subcontinent”? How would the geography of India play a vital role in the emergence of powerful civilizations and empires?How would the geography of India play a vital role in the emergence of powerful civilizations and empires? – –ClipClip

4. Indian Subcontinent A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent. India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass, not just a country. India was once a continent (or at least a very large island). Due to continental drift, India moved north and became part of Asia. India is now joined with the continent of Asia, but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas. Originally it was a separate geologic plate, but has collided and merged with Asia. The Indian subcontinent includes the core lands of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives are often included as well. India is diversified in Religions,Cultures,Customs,Traditions and the Topography

5. Aryan Migration  pastoral  depended on their cattle.  warriors  horse-drawn chariots.

6. Buddha Siddhartha Gautama from the foothills of the Himalayas, founded a new religion.Siddhartha Gautama from the foothills of the Himalayas, founded a new religion. Gautama was born a Jew about 566 BCGautama was born a Jew about 566 BC He saw for the first time in his protected environment, a sick person, an older person, and a dead person.He saw for the first time in his protected environment, a sick person, an older person, and a dead person. Gautama left a happy life to discover the realm of life “where there is neither suffering or death.”Gautama left a happy life to discover the realm of life “where there is neither suffering or death.”

7. Buddha… He meditated and fasted. For 48 days he meditated in one place. While sitting under a fig tree believed he understood the cure for suffering and sorrow; he was now Buddha.He meditated and fasted. For 48 days he meditated in one place. While sitting under a fig tree believed he understood the cure for suffering and sorrow; he was now Buddha. The Four Noble Truths are the heart of Buddhism:The Four Noble Truths are the heart of Buddhism: 1.All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow. 2.The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power and long life. 3.The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. 4.The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path

8. The Eightfold Path: This is the path to end suffering. Right UnderstandingRight Understanding Right ActionRight Action Right SpeechRight Speech Right ThoughtRight Thought Right LivelihoodRight Livelihood Right EffortRight Effort Right MindfulnessRight Mindfulness Right ConcentrationRight Concentration

9. Buddhism Final goal of Buddhism is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth.Final goal of Buddhism is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth. Video ClipVideo ClipVideo ClipVideo Clip

10. Buddhism Buddha preached in Northern India and his teachings spread.Buddha preached in Northern India and his teachings spread. Buddhas followers gathered his teachings into the Tripitaka.Buddhas followers gathered his teachings into the Tripitaka. Gradually Buddhism split into two parts, schools:Gradually Buddhism split into two parts, schools: –Theravada Buddhism. Closely followed Buddha’s original teachings. –Mahayana Buddhism. Made following Buddhism easier for the ordinary people. Buddhism declined in India, being swallowed up by Hinduism which made Buddha another Hindu god.Buddhism declined in India, being swallowed up by Hinduism which made Buddha another Hindu god.

11. Differences in Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism and Hinduism agree on karma, dharma, moksha and reincarnation.Buddhism and Hinduism agree on karma, dharma, moksha and reincarnation. They are different in that Buddhism rejects the priests of Hinduism, the formal rituals, and the caste system. Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation.They are different in that Buddhism rejects the priests of Hinduism, the formal rituals, and the caste system. Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation.

12. Hinduism and Buddhism Compared SimilaritiesDifferences Hinduism and Buddhism  Karma  Dharma  Moksha  Reincarnation Buddhism rejects the priests of Hinduism, the formal rituals, and the caste system. Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation

13. Assignment Read pages 175-183Read pages 175-183 Create a chart and use GRAPES to complete chartCreate a chart and use GRAPES to complete chart Mauryan EmpireGutpa Empire

14. The Empires of India Establishment of States

15. Fortunes of Empire in India By 700 B.C.E., wars of expansion had resulted in consolidation of several large regional kingdoms that dominated much of the subcontinent.By 700 B.C.E., wars of expansion had resulted in consolidation of several large regional kingdoms that dominated much of the subcontinent. However, it is believed that none of these earlier kingdoms were able to establish hegemony over the others.However, it is believed that none of these earlier kingdoms were able to establish hegemony over the others. During the classical era(324-650 B. C.E.), the Mauryan, Kushan, and the Gupta Empires founded centralized, imperial states that embraced much of India, but neither empire survived long enough to establish centralized rule of the entire subcontinent as a lasting feature of Indian life.During the classical era(324-650 B. C.E.), the Mauryan, Kushan, and the Gupta Empires founded centralized, imperial states that embraced much of India, but neither empire survived long enough to establish centralized rule of the entire subcontinent as a lasting feature of Indian life.

16. Unification of India The strive for unification of India came partly as a result of intrusion from beyond the subcontinent.The strive for unification of India came partly as a result of intrusion from beyond the subcontinent. About 520 B.C.E. the Persian emperor Darius crossed the Hindu Kush, conquered parts of NW India, and made what is now Punjab in northern Pakistan part of the Achaemenid Empire. Persian ways were embraced.About 520 B.C.E. the Persian emperor Darius crossed the Hindu Kush, conquered parts of NW India, and made what is now Punjab in northern Pakistan part of the Achaemenid Empire. Persian ways were embraced. Almost two centuries later in 327 B.C.E., after overrunning the Persian empire, Alexander of Macedon crossed the Indus River and crushed the state he found there. Almost two centuries later in 327 B.C.E., after overrunning the Persian empire, Alexander of Macedon crossed the Indus River and crushed the state he found there.

17. Maurya Empire 324 B.C.E.- 184 B.C.E.

18. Mauryan Empire Alexander and his armies did not stay in NW India and his withdrawal created a vacuum by removing the existing states.Alexander and his armies did not stay in NW India and his withdrawal created a vacuum by removing the existing states. During the late 320’s B.C.E., an ambitious adventurer named Chandragupta Maurya exploited that opportunity and laid the foundations for the Mauryan Empire, the first state to bring a centralized and unified government to most of the subcontinent.During the late 320’s B.C.E., an ambitious adventurer named Chandragupta Maurya exploited that opportunity and laid the foundations for the Mauryan Empire, the first state to bring a centralized and unified government to most of the subcontinent. He also continued on and captured the Bactrian lands and eventually all of northern India from the Indus to the Ganges.He also continued on and captured the Bactrian lands and eventually all of northern India from the Indus to the Ganges.

19. The Maurya Empire 324 BCE – 184 BCE

20. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE * Belonged to Vaishya or Shudra class *Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.  He feared assassination  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc.  Like Persia and China, a bureaucratic administrative system enabled him to implement policies throughout the state

21. KautilyaKautilya  Chandragupta’s advisor.  Brahmin caste.  Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or the Arthashastra.  A guide for the king and his ministers:  Supports royal power.  The great evil in society is anarchy.  Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary

22. Succession Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a monk and eventually starved himself to death.Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a monk and eventually starved himself to death. Whether this is true or not, it is certain that his son succeeded him in 297 B.C.E. and added most of southern India to the growing empire.Whether this is true or not, it is certain that his son succeeded him in 297 B.C.E. and added most of southern India to the growing empire. The high point of the Mauryan Empire came during the reign of Chandragupta’s grandson, Asoka.The high point of the Mauryan Empire came during the reign of Chandragupta’s grandson, Asoka.

23. Asoka’s reign (268-232 B.C.E.) Asoka’s first major undertaking was to conquer a region of east-central India known as Kalinga.Asoka’s first major undertaking was to conquer a region of east-central India known as Kalinga. By Asoka’s estimate 100,000 died and over 150,000 were removed from their lands.By Asoka’s estimate 100,000 died and over 150,000 were removed from their lands. Some scholars debate that because of the bloody campaign, Asoka converted to Buddhsim.Some scholars debate that because of the bloody campaign, Asoka converted to Buddhsim.

24. Asoka’s Empire based in Sarnath

25. Page 176 Excerpt from Ashoka edicts How would you describe him as a ruler? Would you have been obedient towards him?

26. Asoka’s law code  Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.  Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.  10 rock edicts.  Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.  Buddhist principles dominate his laws.  All living things…

27. One of Asoka’s Stupas

28. Asoka’s rule As a result of Asoka’s policies, most of India was integrated and benefited from an expanding economy and a stable government.As a result of Asoka’s policies, most of India was integrated and benefited from an expanding economy and a stable government. He encouraged trade by building roads, some over 1000 miles long, to link India to the West. Along the roads trees were planted, wells were dug, and inns were established.He encouraged trade by building roads, some over 1000 miles long, to link India to the West. Along the roads trees were planted, wells were dug, and inns were established. Asoka died in 232 B.C.E. and decline set in almost immediately. Many scholars believe the excessive pay and costs of administration helped to pave the way and by 185 B.C.E., the Mauryan Empire had disappeared.Asoka died in 232 B.C.E. and decline set in almost immediately. Many scholars believe the excessive pay and costs of administration helped to pave the way and by 185 B.C.E., the Mauryan Empire had disappeared.

29. Turmoil & a power Vacuum: 220 BCE – 320 CE Tamils The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

30. Transition Although the Mauryan Empire came to an end, India did not crumble into anarchy. Regional kingdoms emerged most notably were the Bactrians, Kushans, and the Tamil NaduAlthough the Mauryan Empire came to an end, India did not crumble into anarchy. Regional kingdoms emerged most notably were the Bactrians, Kushans, and the Tamil Nadu The Indo-Greek Bactrian nomads controlled a large territory in northern India. Bactria was a thriving commercial center linking lands from China to the west.The Indo-Greek Bactrian nomads controlled a large territory in northern India. Bactria was a thriving commercial center linking lands from China to the west. This region became a cultural crossroads of the now emerging silk road. Most notably was the Bamiyan Valley in modern-day Afghanistan.This region became a cultural crossroads of the now emerging silk road. Most notably was the Bamiyan Valley in modern-day Afghanistan.

32. Kushan Empire 30 C.E. – 375 C.E.

33. The Kushan Empire The “Forgotten Empire” The Kushan Empire The “Forgotten Empire” 3 CE – 375 CE

34. The Kushan Empire The Kushans eventually conquered the Bactrians and ruled much of northern India and central Asia from about 1C.E. to 300 C.E.The Kushans eventually conquered the Bactrians and ruled much of northern India and central Asia from about 1C.E. to 300 C.E. Under Kanishka, the most prominent of the Kushan emperors, commerce resumed and the silk road network again flowed between Persia (Sassanid) and Han China, but imperial rule was not firmly established.Under Kanishka, the most prominent of the Kushan emperors, commerce resumed and the silk road network again flowed between Persia (Sassanid) and Han China, but imperial rule was not firmly established.

35. Kanishka (127-151) K ing of KingsK ing of Kings Son of God, ShahSon of God, Shah Uzbekistan to southern India- Capital city- Peshwar and MathuraUzbekistan to southern India- Capital city- Peshwar and Mathura Raw silk from China made into fine linensRaw silk from China made into fine linens Pepper, Peacocks, SpicePepper, Peacocks, Spice 700 feet high stupa- Buddha’s remains700 feet high stupa- Buddha’s remains

36. Kushan Empire Trade, trade, trade…Trade, trade, trade… Buddhism flourished and brought to ChinaBuddhism flourished and brought to China Open-minded, multicultural empireOpen-minded, multicultural empire Arts, literature, and scienceArts, literature, and science Knowledge of Plants, medicines, etc.Knowledge of Plants, medicines, etc. Peace, trade, and tolerancePeace, trade, and tolerance

37. Decline the Kushan empire split into western and eastern halves. The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sassanid Empire and lost Bactria and other territories.the Kushan empire split into western and eastern halves. The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sassanid Empire and lost Bactria and other territories. Then in the mid 4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta.Then in the mid 4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta. These remnants of the Kushan empire were ultimately wiped out in the 5th century by the invasions of the White Huns, and later the expansion of Islam.These remnants of the Kushan empire were ultimately wiped out in the 5th century by the invasions of the White Huns, and later the expansion of Islam.

38. Objective: I can identify the trade routes, ruling dynasties, literature, and political philosophies of rulers during ancient India.I can identify the trade routes, ruling dynasties, literature, and political philosophies of rulers during ancient India.

39. Smart Start… Why is India considered a “SubContinent’?Why is India considered a “SubContinent’?

40. Review… Dravidian People are from what area of India?Dravidian People are from what area of India? Where is the Sassanid Empire located?Where is the Sassanid Empire located? Where is the Bactria Empire located?Where is the Bactria Empire located?

41. Mauraya Empire 1.What are two things Kautilya did to help the mauraya Empire? 2.What religion did Ashoka believe in? 3.Describe Ashoka as a ruler… 4.Pataliputra is the capital….describe it.

42. Trade Routes during the Guptas

43. The Gupta Empire 320 C.E.- 550 C.E.

44. The Gupta Dynasty Like the Mauryas, the Guptas based their state in the center of northern India near the Ganges.Like the Mauryas, the Guptas based their state in the center of northern India near the Ganges. The new empire arose on the foundations laid by Chandra Gupta (Not related to Chandragupta Maurya) who established a kingdom around the year 320 C.E.The new empire arose on the foundations laid by Chandra Gupta (Not related to Chandragupta Maurya) who established a kingdom around the year 320 C.E. His successors, Samundra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II conquered many of the regional kingdoms of India and established tributary alliances.His successors, Samundra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II conquered many of the regional kingdoms of India and established tributary alliances.

45. Gupta Empire: 324 CE – 550 CE

46. Gupta Rulers  Chandra Gupta I  r. 320 – 335 CE  “Great King of Kings” Samudragupta  Samudragupta  335-375 CE  Son of Chandra Gupta I  Chandra Gupta II  r. 375 - 415 CE  Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world  Hindu revival.  Huns invade – 450 CE

47. Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India  Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.  He was following the path of the Buddha.  He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

48. Trade Routes during the Guptas

49. Extensive Trade: 4c Extensive Trade: 4c spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks

50. KalidasaKalidasa  The greatest of Indian poets.  His most famous play was Shakuntala.  During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

51. Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

52. Medicine Literature Mathematics Astronomy Printed medicinal guides 1000 diseases classified Plastic Surgery C-sections performed Inoculations 500 healing plants identified Decimal System Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Kalidasa Solar Calendar The earth is round Gupta India Gupta Achievement

53. Decline of women and status Lost right for propertyLost right for property Barred from educationBarred from education Equivalent to lowest caste: shudraEquivalent to lowest caste: shudra Expected to obey father, husband, son, etcExpected to obey father, husband, son, etc Early..early marriage (protect virginity)Early..early marriage (protect virginity) Cremate herself at husband’s funeral (sati)Cremate herself at husband’s funeral (sati) Upper class women..little more freedom..WHY?Upper class women..little more freedom..WHY? Could join Jainist or Buddhist communityCould join Jainist or Buddhist community

54. Gupta Decline Unlike Asoka and the Mauryan,the Gupta left local government, administration, and policy in the hands of their allies. (NOT centralized. THEATER STATE..page 178)Unlike Asoka and the Mauryan,the Gupta left local government, administration, and policy in the hands of their allies. (NOT centralized. THEATER STATE..page 178) Gupta administrative talents were not a match for the White Huns, a nomadic people of Central Asia who occupied Bactria and eventually moved south across the Hindu Kush.Gupta administrative talents were not a match for the White Huns, a nomadic people of Central Asia who occupied Bactria and eventually moved south across the Hindu Kush. Imperial government survived only a short time in India. India would be overtaken by Muslim groups in the 7th century but not until the establishment of the Mughal Dynasty in the 16 century did any state rule as much of India as the Mauryan or the Gupta.Imperial government survived only a short time in India. India would be overtaken by Muslim groups in the 7th century but not until the establishment of the Mughal Dynasty in the 16 century did any state rule as much of India as the Mauryan or the Gupta.

55. Gupta Empire: 324 CE – 550 CE

56. Background on the Mahabharata. pg177 The Mahābhārata has existed in various forms for well over two thousand years It existed in the form of popular stories of Gods, kings, and seers retained, retold, and improved by priests living in shrines, ascetics living in retreats or wandering about, and by traveling bards, minstrels, dance-troupes, etc. Later, after about 350 CE, it came to be a unified, sacred text of 100,000 stanzas written in Sanskrit, distributed throughout India by kings and wealthy patrons, and declaimed from temples. Even after it became a famous Sanskrit writing it continued to exist in various performance media in many different local genres of dance and theater throughout India and then Southeast Asia. Finally, it came to exist, in numerous literary and popular transformations in many of the non-Sanskrit vernacular languages of India and Southeast Asia, which (with the exception of Tamil, a language that had developed a classical literature in the first millennium BCE) began developing recorded literatures shortly after 1000 CE.

57. The Mahābhārata was one of the two most important factors that created the "Hindu" culture of India (the other was the other all-India epic, the Rāmāya ṇ a, pronounced approximately as Raa-MEYE-a-na), and the Mahābhārata and Rāmāya ṇ a still exert tremendous cultural influence throughout India and Southeast Asia.The Mahābhārata was one of the two most important factors that created the "Hindu" culture of India (the other was the other all-India epic, the Rāmāya ṇ a, pronounced approximately as Raa-MEYE-a-na), and the Mahābhārata and Rāmāya ṇ a still exert tremendous cultural influence throughout India and Southeast Asia. But the historical importance of the Mahābhārata is not the main reason to read the Mahābhārata. Quite simply, the Mahābhārata is a powerful and amazing text that inspires awe and wonder. It presents sweeping visions of the cosmos and humanity and intriguing and frightening glimpses of divinity in an ancient narrative that is accessible, interesting, and compelling for anyone willing to learn the basic themes of India's culture.But the historical importance of the Mahābhārata is not the main reason to read the Mahābhārata. Quite simply, the Mahābhārata is a powerful and amazing text that inspires awe and wonder. It presents sweeping visions of the cosmos and humanity and intriguing and frightening glimpses of divinity in an ancient narrative that is accessible, interesting, and compelling for anyone willing to learn the basic themes of India's culture. The Mahābhārata definitely is one of those creations of human language and spirit that has traveled far beyond the place of its original creation and will eventually take its rightful place on the highest shelf of world literature beside Homer's epics, the Greek tragedies, the Bible, Shakespeare, and similarly transcendent works. The Mahābhārata definitely is one of those creations of human language and spirit that has traveled far beyond the place of its original creation and will eventually take its rightful place on the highest shelf of world literature beside Homer's epics, the Greek tragedies, the Bible, Shakespeare, and similarly transcendent works. SongSongSong

58. Bhagavad-Gita Found in the Mahabharahata 700 verses of scripture written in Sanskrit. addresses the contradiction between duty to society and duty to one’s own soul. Bhagavad-Gita suggests that this contradiction can be resolved when one is aware that any form of disciplined action taken without regard for personal benefit is a service to the gods.

59. ? Why is 1500 to 500 BC Called the Vedic Age?