1. Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia's

3. Blood Liquid connective tissue 3 general functions Transportation
Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Regulation
pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure
Protection
Clotting, white blood cells, proteins

4. Components of Blood Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix
91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins
Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies
Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products
Formed elements – cells and cell fragments
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

6. Blood Cell Production :Hematopoiesis

7. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
Oxygen-transporting cells
Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3
Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3
Average lifespan 100 – 120 days and then destroyed in spleen
Have no organelles or nuclei
Hemoglobin –quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains
Each RBC has about 280 million hemoglobin
molecules
Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area
Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production

8. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes )
Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
4,800 – 11,000 cells/mm 3
Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs
Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
Two types of leukocytes :
Granulocytes (Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils)
Agranulocytes (Monocytes ,Lymphocytes)

9. Types of White Blood Cells

10. Platelets (thrombocytes)
Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
Splinters into fragments
Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug (Homeostasis)
Short life span – 5-9 days

11. Homeostasis Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation

12. What is Anemia
Definition of Anemia : a decrease in the amount of red blood cells(RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen
Normal ranges of Hb (in general are) :
Men: Hb g/dL
Women: Hb g/dL
Infants : Hb g/dL
Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL

14. Classification of anemia
On the basis of underlying cause :
Erythrocyte loss (bleeding)
Decreased Erythrocyte production
low erythropoietin
Decreased marrow response to erythropoietin
Increased Erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic)
On the basis of morphology of RBC :
Normocytic (MCV 80 – 100 fl)
Macrocytic (MCV < 80 fl )
Microcytic (MCV >100 fl)

16. Classification of anemia by RBC size
Microcytic anemia's :
iron deficiency anemia.
Thalassemia.
sideroblastic anemia.
anemia's of chronic disease.
Macrocytic anemia :
megaloblastic (folate or vitamin B12 deficiency).
nonmegaloblastic causes.
Normocytic anemia's :
aplastic anemia.
bone-marrow replacement.
pure red-cell aplasia.
hemolytic anemia, and recent blood loss.

17. iron deficiency anemia
Why is iron deficiency important?
Remains most common nutrient deficiency in developing countries
Over 1 billion people affected, nearly half of the world’s young children
In US, most common in lower income infants and toddlers months of age and teenage girls
Over 700,000 toddlers affected in the US, 1/3 with anemia, over 7.8 million adolescent females/women
Long term effects on neurodevelopment, behavior, neurotransmitter myelination, energy metabolism
Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity